SummaryThis guide serves for administrators in large institutions who needs to upgrade their Moodle version to the latest version. Administrators usually forgets to upgrade their Moodle and the problem is that the web interface connects to Moodle developer's server and attempts to upgrade to the latest version directly where as time passes, this does not work due to the administrators' Moodles' version far behind the latest version. If I am not wrong, the web interface will show that the upgrade button is no longer supported due to the far behind version and asked to upgrade manually. 
My Server Specifications
I have the following packages installed: sudo apt install apache2 mysql-server php php-mysql php-xml php-curl php-zip php-gd php-mbstring php-xmlrpc php-soap php-intl If using newer version like php7, I recommend to install php5 stable along side it because we are handling older version of Moodle, so follow https://lornajane.net/posts/2016/php-7-0-and-5-6-on-ubuntu: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php sudo apt update sudo apt install php5.6 php7.0 Here is an example command to switch from php7 to php5.6 sudo a2dismod php7.0 sudo a2enmod php5.6 sudo service apache2 restart Backup your Moodle
sudo cp -rv /var/www/yourmoodledata /var/www/yourmoodledatabackup sudo cp -rv /var/www/html/yourmoodle /var/www/html/yourmoodlebackup sudo mysqldump -u root -p yourpassword yourmoodle.sql > yourmoodle.sql For safety try on a duplicate moodle first or ignore this suggestion if you are confidentsudo cp -rv /var/www/html/yourmoodle /var/www/html/youmoodleduplicate sudo cp -rv /var/www/html/yourmoodledata /var/www/yourmoodledataduplicate sudo chown -R www-data /var/www/html/yourmoodledataduplicate sudo mysql -u root -p create database yourmoodleduplicate; quit mysql -u root -p yourmoodleduplicate < yourmoodle.sql
Delete Any Moodle CustomizationUnfortunately I didn’t succeed in upgrading customized moodle, you have to download fresh moodle and replace your current moodle directory. I like using git here. cp -v /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate/config.php /var/www/html/config.php rm -rv /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate If using git: git clone git://git.moodle.org/moodle.git /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate cp -v /var/www/html/config.php /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate/config.php cd /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate && git checkout MOODLE_19_STABLE If not, download moodle 1.9 stable (depending on your start) and name it /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate. Convert Database to UTF8Access from your browser your moodle site for example http://localhost/yourmoodleduplicate. Login to your administrator account and follow the instructions. It may ask you for some unicode stuff to your moodle database. If so follow instructions here https://docs.moodle.org/32/en/Converting_your_MySQL_database_to_UTF8: mysqldump -u root -p your password -c -e --default-character-set=utf8mb4 --single-transaction --skip-set-charset --add-drop-database -B --no-data yourmoodledatabase > dump.sql sed -i.bak -e 's/DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1/DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci/' -e 's/DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1/DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4/' dump.sql sed -i.bak2 's/ENGINE=InnoDB/ENGINE=InnoDB ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC/' dump.sql mysql -u root -p yourpassword < dump.sql mysqldump -u root -p yourpassword -c -e --default-character-set=utf8mb4 --single-transaction --skip-set-charset --add-drop-database -B --no-create-info yourmoodledatabase > data.sql mysql -u root -p yourpassword < data.sql If it’s asking for more php dependencies then install for example if it asks for php curl then “apt install php5.6-curl”. Login to your administrator account again after finishing. Upgrade to Moodle 2.2Download next higher stable version of fresh moodle and replace your current moodle directory. I like using git here and if using git: cd /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate && git checkout MOODLE_22_STABLE If not, download moodle 2.2 stable and replace /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate. Access from your browser your moodle site for example http://localhost/yourmoodleduplicate. Login to your administrator account and follow the instructions. Login to your administrator account again after finishing. Upgrade to Moodle 2.7Download next higher stable version of fresh moodle and replace your current moodle directory. I like using git here and if using git: cd /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate && git checkout MOODLE_27_STABLE If not, download moodle 2.7 stable and replace /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate. Access from your browser your moodle site for example http://localhost/yourmoodleduplicate. Login to your administrator account and follow the instructions. Install dependencies if it asks. Login to your administrator account again after finishing. Upgrade to Moodle 2.9Download next higher stable version of fresh moodle and replace your current moodle directory. I like using git here and if using git: cd /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate && git checkout MOODLE_29_STABLE If not, download moodle 2.9 stable and replace /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate. Access from your browser your moodle site for example http://localhost/yourmoodleduplicate. Login to your administrator account and follow the instructions. Install dependencies if it asks. Login to your administrator account again after finishing. Change database to innodbIt may ask to change your database engine to innodb, follow instruction here http://www.woblag.com/2012/04/moodle-php-script-to-convert-mysql.html: Create a script for example yourscript.php:
<?php
// WARNING: PLEASE TEST BEFORE RUNNING ON A PRODUCTION DATABASE
// Tested on Moodle 1.9 and Moodle 2.0/2.2
//
// Disclaimer:
//
// This script was written to be executed from the command line in
// Linux using a MYSQL database
// and MYISAM storage engine. It converts the storage engine to
// INNODB using the ALTER TABLE command.
//
// It assumes that the INNODB engine has been enabled.
// This can be confirmed by logging into the mysql prompt
// and running the command:
// show engines;
//
// If it is disabled, check your my.cnf and
// comment out the line: skip-innodb
//
// It does not check if disabled, so the script would execute
//and attempt to co
// It contains secure information, so DO NOT PLACE IN WEB DIRECTORY
//
// Execute from /temp and delete afterwards
//
// This is a modification of a script located here:
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3856435/how-to-convert-all-tables-from-myisam-to-innodb
//
// Version : 1.2
// Date : 11 April 2012
// Diff : check for recordset before executing alter table
//
// Version : 1.1
// Date : 31 January 2012
// Diff : Added Timer to script; Display user and DB being affected
//
//
// Version : 1.0
// Date : 25 January 2012
//
//
//
// Noveck Gowandan http://noveckg.blogspot.com
//Time Calculation - start count
$time = explode(' ',microtime());
$time = $time[1] + $time[0]; //return array
$begintime = $time; //define begin time
//Your database connection items here
$host = 'myhost'; //Specify host
$dbuser = 'myuser'; // Specify user with alter permissions
$dbpass = 'mypass'; //user password
$mydb = 'mydb'; //specify schema or db to be modified
//connect to database using variables above
$link = mysql_connect($host,$dbuser,$dbpass);
$db = mysql_select_db($mydb);
if (!$link) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
echo "Connected Successfully to: $host." . "\n\n";
echo "Using database: $mydb." . "\n\n";
echo "Running script as $dbuser." . "\n\n";
//show tables in database
$sql = 'SHOW TABLES';
$rs = mysql_query($sql);
echo $sql;
echo "\n";
if (!$rs) {
die('SQL Recordset Error: ' . mysql_error());
}
else {
//loop through tables and convert to InnoDB
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($rs))
{
$tbl = $row[0];
$sql = "ALTER TABLE $tbl engine=InnoDB;";
mysql_query($sql);
echo $sql;
echo "\n";
}
echo 'Operation Completed.' . "\n\n";
echo 'Confirm Storage Engine conversion using phpmyadmin ' . "\n" . 'or from mysql: show create table tblname.' . "\n";
}
//close connection
mysql_close($link);
$time = explode(" ", microtime());
$time = $time[1] + $time[0];
$endtime = $time; //define end time
$totaltime = ($endtime - $begintime);
echo "Script Execution Time: $totaltime" . " seconds." . "\n\n";
?>
For me, php5.6 works: php5.6 yourscript.php Continue with Moodle upgrade on the web. Upgrade to Moodle 3.2Download next higher stable version of fresh moodle and replace your current moodle directory. I like using git here and if using git: cd /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate && git checkout MOODLE_32_STABLE If not, download moodle 3.2 stable and replace /var/www/html/yourmoodleduplicate. Access from your browser your moodle site for example http://localhost/yourmoodleduplicate. Login to your administrator account and follow the instructions. Install dependencies if it asks. Login to your administrator account again after finishing. 
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NoteThis is a collection of my Electrical Materials course assignment during my undergraduate study at the Electrical Engineering Department of Udayana University, 2010. Some of my assignments were lost because some of them were handwritten and submitted but here are the surviving assignments that were recorded electronically. The purpose of this post apart from being a reference for students is for others who want to know what kind of assignments were given during my era. This assignment has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this task with a CC-BY-SA compliant where anyone can share, copy, republish and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify you that the original and open versions are available here. Introduction to Electrical Insulation and an introduction for the general public who have not yet studied electricityTo study electrical insulation, it is better to know in advance how electricity flows and its properties. In an atom there are three kinds of charges. Positive, negative and neutral charges. positive charge is called "proton", negative charge is called "electron" and neutral charge is called "neutron". Similar charges (++,-) repel each other, different charges (+-) attract each other. Electricity is a flowing charge, in the salt bridge in chemistry, electricity can be generated because of the flowing electrons. This will explain more about the salt bridge, but the reader doesn't have to go into it. It is enough to read it because this section is an introduction. In chemistry it is known as the oxidation number, which is a number that states the amount of electric charge of an element in its compound. There are two chemical reactions known in this section, namely reduction and oxidation. A particle is said to experience a reduction when it captures an electron, it is said to undergo oxidation when it releases an electron. In a salt bridge, there are two poles connected by cables that can carry electric current, one pole is reduced (accepts electrons) and the other pole experiences oxidation (releases electrons). If in the middle of the cable is connected to a multi-tester, it will appear that there is an electric current flowing in the cable. Because this section is for introduction only, the author will not provide further information. If you want to know more about it, study Chemistry especially Electrochemistry. The basic things an electrician should know are current, voltage and resistance. The currents are already described in the section on salt bridges. Current is defined as I = dq/dt is the charge flowing per second in units of I (amperes). Voltage is like the pressure in water, V = dw/dq is the energy in the charge in V (volts). Resistance is the resistance to an electric current, V = IR or R = V/I in units of R (ohms). To understand resistance, think of it as a water pipe being narrowed. If the pipe is narrowed, the water will press harder and will flow less, if it is narrowed again until it closes, there will be no water flowing. Similar to resistance. To learn more about this study Electrical Circuits. After knowing this, we can understand more easily about electrical insulation. A material is said to be a conductor if it can easily carry an electric current, for example iron, water, salt and so on. Humans are good conductors because about 80% of our body is water. Therefore, it is easy for us to feel stun (tension felt by humans). Walk the carpet in rubber boots! Bring your finger to the metal connected to the ground (pegam iron lock and touch it to the metal connected to the ground). There will be sparks. According to physics, electric sparks originate from an electric charge that jumps through the sharp end to a different potential place. Often when you turn on a portable lamp, you feel electrocuted. Why, when there is lightning striking near us, can't you avoid? According to physics, high voltages can produce large electric currents. Lightning hitting trees will send electricity to the earth. When we take a step, between the two legs there is a great tension. Here a current will flow through our bodies and kill us. But in a person sitting (feet together) between the legs there is no tension. Here the current passes through the earth without passing through the body. (Taken from Physics is Fun 2, by Prof. Yohanes Surya, Ph.D.) On the other hand, a material that is difficult to carry an electric current is called an electric insulator. Examples of electrical insulators that are widely known to people are polymer materials, for example rubber. Some say strong electrical insulators are dielectrics. True, the dielectric is a material that can polarize (break up the combined charges). There is another sense that an electrical insulator is one where there is no electricity. The causes of this material being an insulator, among others, the absence of space or the fullness of the atomic nucleus against the electrons, so that the electrons cannot enter, the range of one atom to another is too wide, so that the electrons are difficult to flow (requires large energy), and there may still be other reasons for this. other thing. You can study the properties of atoms in chemistry. Why do scientists need to develop electrical insulating materials, when air itself is a strong electrical insulator? If air were a conductor, electricity would certainly propagate in all directions as electricity flows through water. The most basic is the safety factor. Touching electricity with a voltage higher than 60V can jeopardize safety. This can happen intentionally or accidentally. Therefore, the copper cable in every house to carry the electric current must be covered with a polymer material, usually rubber so that it is not dangerous. In ancient times paper and textiles were used instead of rubber. Refrigerator, TV, Computer, Laptop, Mouse, Keyboard, Rise Cooker, light button, Telephone, Hand Phone, Charger and all electronic items we hold use electrical insulation so that we can touch, otherwise we will be electrocuted. The keyboard buttons on our computers use insulation in the form of mica, now it has switched to rubber. If the two wires on the utility pole touch, a short circuit can occur because the voltage is too large, after which it can cause fires and other harmful things. Therefore they must be isolated. Wood, Paper and Textiles are fibrous electrical insulation materials. Their mechanics are good. Paper and textiles are elastic. The weakness of this fibrous material is hygroscopic (absorbs water). For example wood has a resistivity of 104-1016 ohms. 104 ohms if wet and 1016 ohms if dry. Therefore sometimes as an electric insulator and if it is wet it can be a lightning conductor (for example in trees). Paper and textiles have a resistance of about 10-2-109 ohms. As an insulator it is usually used in wrapping cables, capacitors, transformer boards and others. Mica is used for high voltage isolation. Usually used in generators, motors, capacitors for radio frequency control. Has a resistivity of 1013-1016 ohms. The glass has a resistivity of 107-1017 ohms. Plastics and rubber are hydrocarbon compounds (there must be elements of hydrogen and carbon). Plastic (for PVC) has a resistivity of 1011-1016 ohms and rubber has a resistivity of 1014-1015 ohms. For more, you can study Electrical Materials. ThermoelectricThere are 2 keywords in thermoelectricity, namely thermo related to temperature or temperature, electricity is something related to electricity. In general, the thermoelectric effect is known as a conversion, with differences in temperature producing a voltage and vice versa. You can imagine that in 2 semiconductors connected to a cable, if the semiconductor is cold and the other is hot, there will be a temperature difference. This temperature difference can be studied to produce a voltage. The basic concept of the thermoelectric mechanism/workings can be said, an electron or electron hole or charge will separate/diffuse from the hot part to the cold part. 
The Seedbeck effect is the conversion of a temperature difference to a voltage. Estonian-German physicist Thomas Johann Seedbeck found that a compass needle is reflected when two metal connected (closed chains) are formed between the compass. The needle reflects because of the magnetic field. Danish physicist Hans Christian Orsted perfected it. 
To find a coefficient in thermoelectric materials, you can use the principle of the magnitude of the resulting stress at a temperature difference of 1 Kelvin. SAB = SB - SA = (ΔVB/ΔT)-(ΔVA/ΔT) The Peltier effect, whose name comes from the French physicist Jean-Charles Peltier, this law concerns the heat that flows when a current is flowed. Q = ∏ABI = (∏A - ∏B)I To make it easier to understand this effect can be said to be almost reversed with seedbek. Current flowed to move heat. This heat transfer can be compared to heat transfer. Therefore one thermoelectric part can be cold and another 1 can be hot. The Thompson Effect, whose name comes from William Thompson or another name for Lord Kelvin, which explains the positive Thompson effect and the negative Thompson effect. The positive Thompson effect explains that the hot part is a high potential and the cold part is a low potential. The current moves from hot to cold, so from high to low potential. The negative Thompson effect explains that cold parts are a high potential and hot parts are low potential. The current moves from high heat to cold, so from low to high. q = pJ2 - uJ(dT/dx) Thermogenerators use the principle of the seedbeck effect. The purpose of this generator, mostly for energy efficiency. Throughout the world there is a name wasted heat, even 90% of the electricity generated is from heat. The waste heat can be calculated as about 15 terawatts and to make use of this wasted heat a thermogenerator is created. Other applications such as engines/machines produce heat energy and heat energy is wasted into the environment. Cars generate wasted heat too. Can be installed thermoelectric in the car to save/use heat energy as well as a coolant, sometimes called the automotive thermoelectric car. In solar cells there is also wasted heat. Solar cells only need UV light to generate electricity, but sunlight also causes heat. Therefore it is combined with thermoelectric and its name is solar/thermoelectric device. The opposite of the seedbeck effect is to apply the peltier effect. In contrast to the thermogenerator, this tool requires electricity to produce heat or cold. An example for applying heat is a heater. For cooling, for example, the old refrigerator. Usage in the present era is as portable heating and cooling usually for camping. Because it produces both hot and cold. Often used as a cooler in electrical equipment, such as computers, digital cameras, etc. In medicine it is used to make chemical mixtures rapidly by using temperature to cool or heat them. Now what will be applied is the USB beverage cooler. Reference
Mirror
CatatanIni kumpulan tugas kuliah Bahan Listrik saya selama studi S1 di Jurusan Teknik Elektro Universitas Udayana, 2010. Beberapa tugas saya hilang karena beberapa tugas ditulis tangan dan dikumpulkan tetapi berikut inilah tugas yang selamat yang tercatat secara elektronik. Maksud dari postingan ini selain sebagai referensi bagi para mahasiswa adalah bagi yang lainnya yang ingin mengetahui tugas seperti apa yang diberikan selama era saya. Tugas ini belum pernah dipublikasikan di mana pun dan saya, sebagai penulis dan pemegang hak cipta, melisensikan tugas ini dengan penyesuaian CC-BY-SA di mana siapa pun dapat membagikan, menyalin, menerbitkan ulang, dan menjual dengan syarat untuk menyatakan nama saya sebagai penulis dan memberi tahu bahwa versi asli dan terbuka tersedia di sini. Pengenalan Isolasi Listrik dan Pengantar untuk kalangan umum yang Belum Belajar ListrikUntuk mempelajari isolasi listrik, lebih baik mengetahui terlebih dahulu bagaimana listrik mengalir dan sifat-sifatnya. Dalam sebuah atom dikenal tiga macam muatan. Muatan positif, negatif dan netral. muatan positif disebut “proton”, muatan negatif disebut “elektron” dan muatan netral disebut “neutron”. Muatan sejenis (++,--) saling tolak menolak, muatan berbeda sejenis (+-) saling tarik menarik. Listrik adalah muatan yang mengalir, dalam jembatan garam pada ilmu kimia, listrik dapat dihasilkan karena elektron yang mengalir. Setelah ini akan menjelaskan lebih tentang jembatan garam, tetapi pembaca tidak harus mendalaminya. Cukup dengan membacanya karena bagian ini sebagai perkenalan. Dalam ilmu kimia dikenal dengan istilah bilangan oksidasi, yaitu bilangan yang menyatakan banyaknya muatan listrik suatu unsur dalam senyawanya. Ada dua reaksi kimia yang dikenal pada bagian ini, yaitu reduksi dan oksidasi. Suatu partikel dikatakan mengalami reduksi bila menangkap elektron, dikatakan mengalami oksidasi jika melepas elektron. Pada jembatan garam ada dua kutub yang dihubungkan kabel yang dapat mengalirkan arus listrik, salah satu kutub mengalami reduksi (menerima elektron) dan kutub yang satu lagi mengalami oksidasi (melepas elektron). Jika ditengah kabel tersebut dihubungkan dengan multi-tester, akan kelihatan bahwa ada arus listrik yang mengalir pada kabel tersebut. Karena bagian ini sebagai pengenalan saja, maka penulis tidak akan member keterangan lebih lanjut. Bila ingin lebih mengetahui tentang hal tersebut, pelejarilah Kimia khusunya Elektrokimia. Hal dasar yang harus diketahui oleh orang listrik adalah arus, tegangan dan resistansi. Arus sudah dijelaskan pada bagian jembatan garam. Arus dirumuskan dengan I=dq/dt adalah muatan yang mengalir tiap detik dengan satuan I (ampere). Tegangan adalah bagaikan tekanan dalam pada air, V=dw/dq adalah energi pada muatan dengan satuan V (volt). Resistansi adalah hambatan pada arus listrik, V=IR atau R=V/I dengan satuan R (ohm). Untuk mengerti resistansi anggap saja bagaikan pipa air dipersempit. Jika pipa dipersempit maka air akan menekan lebih keras dan sedikit yang mengalir, jika disempitkan lagi hingga menutup tidak akan ada air yang mengalir. Mirip dengan resistansi. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang hal ini pelajarilah Rangkaian Listrik. Setelah mengetahui hal tersebut, baru kita dapat lebih mudah paham tentang isolasi listrik. Suatu bahan dikatakan konduktor bila dapat dengan mudah mengalirkan arus listrik, contohnya besi, air, garam dan sebagainya. Manusia adalah konduktor yang baik karena sekitar 80% tubuh kita terdiri dari air. Oleh karena itu kita mudah merasakan setrum (tegangan yang dirasakan manusia). Berjalanlah di atas karpet dengan sepatu karet! Dekatkan jari anda pada logam yang dihubungkan ketanah (pegam kunci besi dan sentuhkan ke logam dihubungkan ketanah). Akan terlihat percikan api. Menurut fisika, bunga api listrik berasal dari muatan listrik yang melompat melalui ujung lancip ke tempat yang berbeda potensialnya. Seringkali ketika anda menghidupkan lampu portable, anda merasa kesetrum. Mengapa ketika ada petir menyambar dekat kita, tidak boleh lari? Menurut fisika, tegangan tinggi dapat menghasilkan arus listrik yang besar. Petir yang mengenai pohon akan mengalirkan listrik ke bumi. Ketika kita melangkah, anatar dua kaki terdapat tegangan besar. Disini arus akan mengalir lewat tubuh kita dan membunuh kita. Tetapi pada orang yang duduk (kaki rapat) di antara kedua kaki tidak ada tegangan. Di sini arus lewat bumi tanpa melalui tubuh. (Diambil dari Fisika itu Asyik 2, oleh Prof. Yohanes Surya, Ph.D.) Hal sebaliknya, bahan yang susah untuk mengalirkan arus listrik disebut isolator listrik. Contoh isolator listrik yang banyak dikenal orang adalah bahan polimer, contohnya karet. Ada yang mengatakan isolator listrik yang kuat adalah dielektrik. Benar, dielektrik adalah suatu bahan yang dapat melakukan polarisasi (memecah gabungan muatan). Ada pengertian lain bahwa isolator listrik adalah dimana tidak adanya listrik. Penyebab bahan tersebut menjadi isolator antara lain tidak adanya tempat atau penuhnya inti atom terhadap elektron, sehingga elektron tidak dapat masuk, rentang suatu atom terhadap yang lain terlalu lebar, sehingga elektron susah untuk mengalir (perlu energi besar), dan mungkin masih ada alasan hal-hal lain. Dapat dipelajari sifat-sifat atom pada kimia. Mengapa ilmuwan perlu mengembangkan bahan isolasi listrik, padahal udara sendiri merupakan isolator listrik yang kuat? Jika udara merupakan suatu konduktor maka listrik pasti akan merambat ke segala arah seperti listrik dialirkan pada air. Yang paling mendasar adalah faktor keamanan. Bila kita menyentuh listrik yang tegangannya lebih tinggi dari 60V dapat membahayakan keselamatan. Hal ini bisa terjadi secara sengaja maupun tidak sengaja. Oleh karena itu kabel tembaga di setiap rumah untuk mengalirkan arus listrik harus diselimuti oleh bahan polimer, biasanya karet agar tidak membahayakan. Zaman dahulu digunakan kertas dan tekstil daripada karet. Kulkas, TV, Komputer, Laptop, Mouse, Keyboard, Rise Cooker, tombol lampu, Telepon, Hand Phone, Charger dan semua barang elektronik yang kita pegang menggunakan bahan isolasi listrik agar dapat kita sentuh, jika tidak, kita akan kesetrum. Tombol-tombol keyboard pada komputer kita menggunakan isolasi berupa mika, sekarang sudah beralih ke karet. Jika kedua kabel pada tiang listrik bersentuhan, dapat terjadi konslet karena tegangan yang terlalu besar, setelah itu dapat menyebabkan kebakaran dan hal lain yang merugikan. Oleh karena itu mereka harus diisolasikan.
Kayu, Kertas dan Tekstil adalah bahan isolasi listrik berserat. Mekanis mereka baik. Kertas dan tekstil bersifat elastis. Kelemahan dari bahan berserat ini adalah higroskopis (menyerap air). Contohnya kayu memiliki resistivitas 104-1016 ohm. 104 ohm jika basah dan 1016 ohm jika kering. Oleh karena itu terkadang sebagai isolator listrik dan jika basah dapat sebagai konduktor petir (contohnya pada pohon). Kertas dan teksil memiliki resistansi sekitar 10-2-109 ohm. Sebagai isolator biasanya digunakan dalam membungkus kabel, kapasitor, papan transformator dan lain-lain. Mika digunakan untuk isolasi tegangan tinggi. Biasanya digunakan pada generator, motor, kapasitor untuk pengatur frekuensi radio. Memiliki resistivitas 1013-1016 ohm. Kaca memiliki resistivitas 107-1017 ohm. Plastik dan karet adalah senyawa hidrokabon (pasti ada unsur hidrogen dan karbon). Plastik (untuk PVC) memiliki resistivitas 1011-1016 ohm dan karet memiliki resistivitas 1014-1015 ohm. Untuk lebih lanjut dapat mempelajari Bahan-Bahan Listrik. TermoelektrikTerdapat 2 kata kunci pada termoelektrik, yaitu termo yang berkaitan dengan temperatur atau suhu, elektrik adalah sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan listrik. Secara umum efek termoelektrik diketahui sebagai suatu konversi, dengan perbedaan suhu akan menghasilkan tegangan dan sebaliknya. Dapat dibayangkan pada 2 semikonduktor yang terhubung dengan kabel, jika semikonduktor yang 1 dingin dan 1nya lagi panas, akan terdapat beda suhu. Beda suhu ini diteliti dapat menghasilkan tegangan. Konsep dasar mekanisme/cara kerja termoelektrik ini dapat dikatakan, suatu elektron atau lubang elektron atau muatan akan terpisah/diffuse dari bagian yang panas ke bagian yang dingin. 
Efek Seedbeck adalah konversi dari beda suhu menjadi tegangan. Fisikawan Estonia-Jerman bernama Thomas Johann Seedbeck menemukan bahwa jarum kompas terpantul bila terbentuk 2 metal tersambung (rangkaian tertutup) diantara kompas tersebut. Jarum terpantul karena ada medan magnet. Fisikawan Danish Hans Christian Orsted menyempurnakannya. 
Untuk mencari suatu kofisien pada bahan termoelektrik dapat menggunakan prinsip besarnya tegangan yang dihasilkan pada perbedaan suhu 1 kelvin. SAB = SB - SA = (ΔVB/ΔT)-(ΔVA/ΔT) Efek Peltier yang namanya berasal dari fisikawan Perancis Jean-Charles Peltier, hukum ini mengenai kalor yang mengalir bila arus dialirkan. Q = ∏ABI = (∏A - ∏B)I Untuk mempermudah mengerti efek ini dapat dikatakan hampir terbalik dengan seedbek. Arus dialirkan untuk memindahkan kalor. Pemindahan kalor ini dapat diumpakan sebagai pemindahan panas. Oleh karena suatu bagian termoelektrik bisa dingin dan yang lagi 1 bisa panas. Efek Thompson yang namanya berasal dari William Thompson atau nama lain Lord Kelvin, yang menjelaskan tentang efek Thompson positif dan efek Thompson negatif. Efek Thompson positif menjelaskan bahwa bagian panas adalah potential tinggi dan bagian dingin adalah potential rendah. Arus bergerak dari panas ke dingin, jadi dari potential tinggi ke rendah. Efek thompson negatif menjelaskan bahwa bagian dingin adalah potential tinggi dan bagian panas adalah potential rendah. Arus bergerak dari panas tinggi ke dingin, jadi dari rendah ke tinggi. q = pJ2 - uJ(dT/dx) Termogenerator menggunakan prinsip efek seedbeck. Tujuan pada generator ini, kebanyakan untuk mengefisiensi tenaga. Diseluruh dunia ada namanya panas yang terbuang bahkan 90% tenaga listrik yang dihasilkan adalah dari panas. Panas yang terbuang dapat dihitung sekitar 15 terawatt dan untuk memanfaatkan panas yang terbuang ini dibikin termogenerator. Pemakaian lain seperti pada engine/mesin, menghasilkan energi panas dan energi panas terbuang ke lingkungan. Mobil menghasilkan panas yang terbuang juga. Dapat dipasang termoelektrik pada mobil untuk penghematan/pemakaian energi panas sekaligus sebagai pendingin terkadang disebut automotive termoelektrik car. Pada sel surya juga terdapat panas yang terbuang. Sel surya hanya memerlukan sinar UV untuk menghasilkan listrik, namun sinar matahari juga menyebabkan panas. Oleh karena itu digabung selsurya dengan termoelektrik dan namanya adalah solar/termoelektrik device. Pemakaian yang berlawanan dengan efek seedbeck yaitu menerapkan efek peltier. Kebalikan dengan termogenerator alat ini memerlukan listrik untuk menghasilkan panas atau dingin. Contohnya untuk penerapan panas adalah heater. Untuk pendingin contohnya kulkas zaman dulu. Pemakaian pada era sekarang yaitu sebagai pemanas dan pendingin portable biasanya untuk kamping. Karena menghasilkan keduanya berupa panas dan dingin. Sering juga dipakai sebagai pendingin pada alat-alat listrik, seperti komputer, camera digital, dll. Di kedokteran dipakai untuk membuat campuran kimia secara cepat dengan menggunakan temperatur untuk mendinginkan atau memanaskan. Sekarang yang akan deterapkan yaitu USB pendingin minuman. Referensi
In my previous guide, I wrote a tutorial of installing Moodle learning management system (LMS) on my preferred server operating system (OS) for general users Ubuntu, a Debian based Linux. If you really do not want to try Ubuntu and go ahead with Windows, here I provide a tutorial that was my undergraduate assignment in 2013. Yes, it is behind times but they are still similar where you can maneuver the difference yourself. Another side, if this tutorial does not serve as a guide, then it can serve as a memory for those who are curious of how XAMPP 1.8.1 and Moodle 2.3.2 is back then. Download XAMPP on http://www.apachefriends.org/en/xampp-windows.html , and install. Open the control panel if already install, apache and mysql is necessary for localhost. 
Open your browser and type http://localhost, if succeeded it should look like below. 
Open http://localhost/phpmyadmin Go to database and add your moodle's database. 
Download Moodle at https://download.moodle.org/ and extract them to C:xampp\htdocs 
On your browser open http://localhost/moodle and follow the installation which should be similar to my previous guide with just different version. 
For moodle to be available in local area network open with notepad C:xamppmoodle\config.php and change the following line: $CFG->wwwroot = 'http://localhost/moodle'; to your ip address, $CFG->wwwroot = 'http://172.16.150.45/moodle'; DON'T FORGET "http". That was my mistake. Oh and today it is "https" so do keep up with modern times. 
If you don't know how to configure IP address, go to previous tutorial. Back in my undergraduate course, I was also asked to run Moodle on a local domain. Therefore, the following steps are additional but optional: 
Moodle Brief IntroductionMoodle is one of the most popular learning management system (LMS) that provides online learning services. Student's read materials, conduct discussions, submit assignments, and attempt quizzes from outside the class and on the other side, teachers can provide materials, grade, evaluation, and other forms of management. Moodle does not necessarily have to replace traditional face to face learning but can be blended to make tradional learning more convenient just as implemented on the Universities that I graduated from which are Udayana University and Kumamoto University. As technology advances, online and distant learning is no longer exclusive to big institutions with specialized technicians. Today, everybody can try and install Moodle in their computers and experiment their own local computer based learning. No special skill is needed but just some experience working with servers and web based applications. In fact, we do not need those skills since the installation guide is available here. For now, the Moodle installation here is in Ubuntu Linux as it is the most popular operating system (OS) for servers for general users. If you have not install Ubuntu or other Debian based Linux, you can follow my previous guide or wait for my future guide in Windows. Installing The ServerBefore anything else, make sure the Debian Linux is updated by entering the following command in terminal: sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade There are three main packages needed to install the server:
Use any web server and database server you want. Here Apache2 and MySQL is used because they are the most popular among general users. The following packages are enough for Moodle installation today: sudo apt install apache2 mysql-server php php-mysql php-xml php-curl php-zip php-gd php-mbstring php-xmlrpc php-soap php-intl If the packages above are not found then ask your OS's community for similar packages for example maybe php-mysql does no work but php7.0-mysql does. If you do not like using command line then bear with me with just one command line to install a graphical user interface (GUI) package manager Synaptic if your distribution does not have a built-in one: sudo apt install synaptic 
If the servers are not automatically started, then enter the following commands: sudo service apache2 start sudo service mysql start 
Installing MoodleDownloading and Placing the Files
Before that, /var/www/html and its surrounding directory can only be modified by administrator account or root. Either do them in the terminal or open your filemanager using root for example mine using nautilus file manager: sudo nautilus In summary:
If you know how to use git, this step is preferred.Moodle is ever developing and it is easier to upgrade it using git rather than downloading the new version everytime and cleaner than upgrading from the web browser. Feel free to skip this step if you want and follow the previous but if you want long term convenient management then get moodle from git: sudo apt install git cd /var/www/html sudo git clone git://git.moodle.org/moodle.git cd moodle sudo git branch -a sudo git checkout (your preferred version which is usually the latest for example:) sudo git checkout MOODLE_310_STABLE Moodle Web Installation
Right click /var/www directory, properties and change the permission to allow all (not recommended) or: sudo chmod 777 /var/www Right click /var/www directory, properties and change ownership and group to www-data (not my best) or: sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www Create moodledata folder in /var/www directory manually, right click moodledata, properties and change ownership and group to www-data (my best solution) or: sudo mkdir /var/www/moodledata sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/moodledata 
Right click /var/www/html/moodle directory, properties and change the permission to allow all (not recommended) or: sudo chmod 777 /var/www/html/moodle Right click /var/www/html/moodle directory, properties and change ownership and group to www-data (not recommended either) or: sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html/moodle Create config.php file in /var/www/moodle directory manually, right click config.php, properties and change ownership and group to www-data and after installation, return the ownership to root (not the best) or: sudo touch /var/www/moodle/config.php sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/moodle/config.php (after installation:) sudo chown root:root /var/www/moodle/config.php Create config.php file in /var/www/moodle directory manually, edit config.php and paste the script shown on the installation (the best solution) or: sudo (your preferred editor) /var/www/moodle/config.php (mine is:) sudo gedit /var/www/moodle/config.php 
Video GuideIf you are missing some details, maybe my videos can help you with timestamp available. Installation takes 30 minutes and the rest are exploration post installation. Mirrors
NoteThis a collection of my English class assignment during my undergraduate studies in Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University, 2010. For native speakers, this kind of assignment can be for elementary/primary school or highschool students but for us, the highschool and undergraduate course are repetitive since here in Indonesia, English is rarely used outside of tourism. The intention of posting this other than as a reference for students are for others who would like to know what kind of assignments are given during my era. This assignment has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. Also to mention these names as some are group assignments: Yulianti Murprayana, Dani Pranata, Alit Wigunawan, I Gusti Made Widiarsana, I Nyoman Apriana Arta Putra. Final AssignmentThe AssignmentTitleThe title should really reflect your personality. For example: A brave girl from Kuta (because she has learnt surfing on the beach) or A determined girl from a jungle (because she comes from Kintamani nad now study and live in Denpasar city) or A sportive and strong young man from Ubud (because he has mastered martial arts and like to help friends and familiy) etc. My pictureThe latest photo with you as the center. It can be you passport photo or you do an action and zoom in on you with some backdrops. (no high school or little girl or little boy). Picture size should be at least 3 x 4 with sufficient resolution. My personal detailsName, age, birthday, gender, place of birth, home address (let's omit this one for now). Things I enjoy doing: Things I don’t like: Someday, I want to be a … My AssignmentA Boy who Dreams To be a Warrior
Things I enjoy doing:
Things I don’t like and don’t like doing:
Someday, I want to be a man who influences the world, to take part in the world’s stage. One day I would like to be a man who stands on top of the world. It doesn’t matter dying as long as I fight on the path I believe in. 
Translate a local Indonesian folk lore to English Group AssignmentPan Belog dan Bebekjaman dahulu kala ada seoarng lelaki bernama Pan Belog.Pan Belog sangat dungu. Di desa itu ia terkenal karena kebodohannya. Banyak orang mencemoohkan dan menertawakannya. Ia bukan saja tidak mau bersekolah, tetapi juga tidak mau bekerja. Namun di depan istrinya, ia tidak pernah menolak tugas. Ia tidak suka dibilang malas, dan juga tidak suka dibilang bodoh. "Bapane!" seru istrinya pada suatu pagi. "Hari ini aku sangat sibuk. Tolong belikan aku dua ekor bebek di pasar. Bebek itu akan digunakan upacara di rumah mertua." Setelah menerima uang, Pan Belog segera berangkat ke pasar. "Pilih bebek yang gemuk dan berat, Bapane!" kata istrinya lagi. "Beres!" jawab Pan Belog. Baru saja masuk ke pintu pasar, lelaki bodoh itu melihat banyak pedagang bebek. "Aku beli dua bebek. Ini uang!" katanya kepada seorang pedagang. Pedagang itu heran, karena pembeli bebek itu mengambil begitu saja dua ekor bebek dan menyerahkan sekeping uang ringgit. Sebetulnya ia masih memiliki sisa uang, tetapi ia segera pergi dan tidak memperdulikan uang kembalian. "Aneh benar laki-laki itu," pikir pedagang bebek. "Ia tidak menawar dan tidak menanyakan uang kembalian," pikirnya lagi sambil menyimpan sekeping uang ringgit itu. Dalam perjalanan pulang, Pan Belog melewati sebuah sungai yang cukup dalam. Dalam hatinya terlintas, ingin mengetahui keadaan bebek itu. Bebek-bebek itu sangat gemuk. Istrinya pasti senang mendapatkan bebek yang gemuk itu. Bur! Geek, geek, geek! Bebek-bebek itu dilemparkan ke sungai. Bebek-bebek itu bersahut-sahutan riang gembira. Mereka berenang ke sana ke mari. Membenamkan seluruh tubuhnya, lalu mengambang kembali. "Kurang ajar!" teriak Pan Belog. "Pedagang itu telah menipuku!" katanya. Lelaki bodoh itu mengira bebek-bebek itu adalah hewan palsu. Tubuhnya hanya terdiri dari bulu-bulu, sedangkan badannya kosong. Pan Belog meninggalkan bebek-bebek palsu itu. Ia pulang dan segera melaporkan perbuatan pedagang yang suka menipu itu. "Mana bebekmu? Dan mana uangmu?" tanya istrinya setelah melihat Pan Belog pulang dengan tangan hampa. "Aku ditipu oleh pedagang jahat itu!" kata Pan Belog marah-marah. Lalu ia menceritakan pengalamannya, mulai dari memilih bebek, menyerahkan sekeping ringgit, dan melepas bebek-bebek itu di sungai. "Bebek itu kosong. Hewan itu hanya terdiri dari bulu-bulu," kata Pan Belog menutup ceritanya. "Dasar dungu!" teriak istrinya marah-marah. "Bebek berenang dikira kosong!" Istrinya tambah marah setelah mengetahui suaminya tidak membawa uang kembalian. Sang istri mengambil sebilah kayu lalu mengancam suaminya. Pan Belog lari terbirit-birit. Ia kembali ke sungai untuk mengambil bebek-bebek itu. Tetapi di sana tak ada bebek yang berenang. Pan Belog and DuckOnce upon a time there was a man called Pan Belog. Pan Belog was very dumb (belog is a balinese language of dumb). In the village, he was famous for his stupidity. Many people mocked and laughed at him. He not only did not wanted to go to school, but he also did not wanted to work. But in front of his wife, he never refused the task. He did not like being called lazy, and also did not like being called stupid. "Daddy !" cried his wife one morning. "Today I am very busy. Would you please buy me a pair of ducks in the market. that duck will be used in-law's house for ceremony." After receiving the money, Pan Belog immediately went to the market. "Select a duck that is fat and heavy, Dad!" said his wife again. "yes, of course!" replied Pan Belog. When entering the market, he saw a lot of duck traders. "I would like to buy two ducks with this money!" he said to a merchant. The traders were surprised, because the buyer was simply taking two ducks and handed over ringgit coin. Actually, he still had money left, but he soon left and ignored the change. "What a strange man," thought the duck traders. "He did not bid and did not ask for any change," he thought again as he saves the ringgit coin. On the way home, Pan Belog went through a river which was deep. In the heart occurred, wanted to know the state of the duck, the ducks were very fat. His wife is definitely excited about getting the fat duck. Bur! Geek, geek, geek! The ducks were thrown into a river. The duck’s merry. They swim back and forth. Immerse the entire body, then floating back. "Brazen!" yelled pan Belog. "The merchant had tricked me!" he said. Stupid man thinks the ducks are fake animal. His body was only composed of the feathers, while the body is empty. Pan Belog left the fake ducks. He came home and immediately reported the act of traders who like to cheat it. "Where are your ducks? And where are your moneys?" asked his wife after seeing Pan Belog went home empty handed. “I was deceived by the evil merchants!" said pan Belog angrily. Then he described his experiences, from choosing a duck, handed a piece of the ringgit, and release the ducks in the stream. "The ducks were empty. The animals were consists only of feathers," said Pan Belog close the story. "What a fool!" cried his wife got angry. "Ducks swim mistakenly empty?!" His wife was more upset after finding out her husband did not bring change. The wife took a chip of wood and threatened her husband. Pan Belog ran. He returned to the river to retrieve the ducks. But there were no ducks that swam. Identify Past TenseParagraph 1The underline words are in past tense. "Ferdinand Porsche started work on the 'people's car' with money he received from the german government in 1934" - Because the event happened in the past, in 1934. "Then in 1938 he returned to Germany, founded Volkswagen GmbH and started production with his new American machinery in wolfsburg, lower saxony" - Same as the above sentence but in 1938. Paragraph 2Commercial production stopped during the war and the factory and its 9000 workers fell into British hands in 1945. After the war the British helped the local economy by ordering 20.000 cars but decided not to take over the company as they did not think it had a future. Reason : Because the writer use verb 2 in that sentence and the writer, retell what happened in 1945 Paragraph 3First sentence is one sentence of simple past tense because the incident occurred in 1949. The sentence is not only there are some words that turn into verb 2, for example, Went, Founded, Became and arrived but there are also some who used to be past tense 'was' in the phrase 'the VW beetle legend was born'. In addition to sentence 1, sentence 3 is also an example of a sentence past because they occurred in 1960 and there are limited and valued word which is the verb 2 of the limit and value. Paragraph 4The company continued its globalization by setting up its own production facilities in Australia (1957), Nigeria (1973) and Japan (1990) while expanding into the USA (1976) and Spain (1986) by buying car manufactures. The company also set up a joint venture in China (1982). Political events at the end of 1989 gave VW the opportunity to move into central Europe, where it soon began production in the former East Germany and expanded into the Czech Republic. Reason : Because the writer use verb 2 in those sentence and the time was in past. Paragraph 5There are no past tense sentences in this paragraph. Explain Indonesian Judiciary System in EnglishThe Indonesian judicial system comprises the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court. The 2001 amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia grant the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court powers to organize judiciaries in order to uphold justice and law. The constitution provides the Constitutional Court with the power, among other things, to review the constitutionality of legislation passed by the DPR, to determine jurisdiction disputes between key state institution, to decide motions for the dissolution of political parties and to resolve disputed election results. The judiciary subordinate to or under the oversight of the Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) comprises :
In Indonesia, most disputes appear before the courts of general judiciary, which consist of a court of First Instance, a Court of Appeal and a Court of Cassation. Although the Courts of First Instance and Courts of Appeal vary from one judicial system to another, at the cassation level the Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) will preside over cases in all judicial systems. The Courts in the general judiciary comprise the District Courts (Pengadilan Negeri) as Courts of First Instance, the High Courts (Pengadilan Tinggi) as Courts of Appeal, and the Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) as the Court of Cassation and civil review (Peninjauan Kembali). Write 20 Passive Sentences
Simple Present Tense Group AssignmentAlthough the present means now but this should not mean that such action is carried out at this time. Tense is used to express something that is fixed, customs or the ultimate truth, because it is often related to events in the past present and future, this tense at least have specific times information. English language sentences generally should have a subject and predicate, that’s why all tenses will be formulated like that. In the present tense generally, subject is a noun or pronouns and the predicate verb must. Affirmative Sentence Formula = S + V1(s or es)Example:
Negative Sentence Formula = S + do(es) not + V1Example:
Interrogative Sentence Formula = tobe/do(es) + S + V1Example:
If there were no other verbs in a sentence, then we use verb to be. Affirmative sentence formula is S + to be + noun / adjective / adverb Example:
Negative sentence are formed by placing not after to be. Example:
Interrogative sentence are formed by placing to be in front of the sentence. Example:
Absence NoteDenpasar, 11th Oktober 2010 To: I Nyoman Satya Kumara Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Udayana, Jimbaran, Bali. Dear Mr. Kumara My name is Fajar Purnama with my student number 1004405045, English class A. I would like to tell you that today October 11th 2010 I cannot attend your lesson because I have a very important meeting at Alfa Prima that discuss about my graduation certificate about video shooting and editing tutor. I also attact my dispensation note, I’m looking forward to attend to your next lesson. Best Regards (signatures) Fajar Purnama & Alfa Prima Direct and Indirect SpeechLet's include a bonus assignment I found from my Highschool times. Mirror
What is $RFND?If you followed from the beginning, you probably have a solid understanding, but if you are a newcomer like me, you probably wonder what kind of perks that this token than bring other than just being a token. There are two chronological order to understand what $RFND is. Bitcoin CashYou probably know that Bitcoin is the first cryptocurrency which is a currency that is open, decentralized, permissionless, and many other features powered by cryptographic technology. It is able to verify transactions and reach a consensus without a third party but through algorithm. Thus, the ownership of assets is returned to each holders unlike the money in the banks. Each people are different and each people have different visions and thus, the development of Bitcoin can no longer be in a singular path. Vitalik wanted to implement smart contracts on Bitcoin but was regarded as a spam by most developers so he created Ethereum. Roger Ver and some developers wanted to focus Bitcoin as a medium of exchange and found it necessary to increase the block size where one of the reason is for faster transaction but many developers do not agree and it is better to leave Bitcoin originally as it is so Bitcoin Cash was born. Cutting off the story, we proceed to this article's explanation that $RFND is related to Bitcoin Cash. Simple Ledger ProtocolIt is through $RFND that I first learned about simple ledger protocol (SLP). SLP is a protocol to issue tokens on Bitcoin Cash blockchain. From their FAQs, there is a question "Is SLP like Ethereum’s ERC-20, but for $BCH?" and the answer is "In many ways, yes.". They are the same in where anyone can issue their own tokens with the difference that ERC-20 is following Ethereum's vision while SLP is following Bitcoin Cash's vision. Finally, we can answer what $RFND really is. In substance it is a token issued with SLP. If you want to know its tokenomics such as its circulating supply, check through SLP's explorer. Intended Benefit of $RFNDI read the lightpaper and sorry to say it was very textbook for me. It was only on the founder's (Jan Bouda's) Youtube video, I finally get what $RFND is, at least from a newcomer's perspective. RFND is an acronym of "refund" which is associated with other than refunds are cashbacks, rewards, discounts, etc. Psychologically when shopping, who does not love refunds eventhough there may not be much difference in the cost but refunds just makes most of us happy. If check their Youtube channel, you can see that they even give $BCH cashbacks to $RFND purchasers. In their twitter, you can see that they give rewards and airdrops to loyal hodlers. Now we can finally understand what the lightpaper means. Other than what I wrote above, $RFND have a clear tokenomic schedule of 5.5 Decades Of Gradual Circulating Supply Issuance (DGCSI). Here is what is written "However, if there will be a strong bear market during that year, RFND Investment would start to slow down the circulating supply issuance speed or in some certain circumstances, we may even stop RFND issuance for some weeks or even use buy-back scheme.", in other words in line in what they said on their website "refund" and "defends your funds". My ExpectationsTheir "refund" theme is attractive for me but the lightpaper lacks details of how they can deliver that refund. They can give $RFNDs as many as you want but holds no meaning unless they have value. They did give refunds in $BCH but how will they acquire more $BCH? They did mention of sharing their income from their digital products and eco friendly projects, but what are they? The alliances shows promise but as a new user, I do not know what they are, so at least provide some links. Oh wait! They are still early, so what I am demanding, they are working on it. Therefore, I will await for the good news. Find Out More
Bityard Affiliate Program
Bityard Bonus Program
Bityard Crypto and Derivative Trading Available as Demo and Live
Bityard Mining
Bityard Copy Trading
Bityard Other MenusI find to no need to highlight other menus such as deposit, withdrawal, profile, security, etc. If you want to see the rest, just watch my video with timestamps available. Bityard Regulation and Licensing
Bityard Content Creator Materials
Torum adalah platform media sosial yang unik bahkan di antara platform crypto. Torum asyik untuk digunakan karena berbagai misi dan gamifikasi lainnya. Sayangnya, Torum bukan platform tahan sensor yang berarti Anda tidak dapat memposting seenaknya. Kabar baiknya, Torum hanya bermaksud untuk menyensor konten yang jelas-jelas negatif seperti kekerasan. Ini berarti mereka tidak bermaksud untuk menyensor konten yang kedengarannya tidak baik bagi pemerintah seperti Penangguhan berulang London Reals karena jurnalisme tentang COVID-19 dan pembersihan crypto massal di Youtube di tahun baru 2020. Kabar buruknya adalah Torum adalah perusahaan transparan di mana bahkan markasnya diketahui. Meskipun mereka hanya ingin menyensor konten negatif yang terlihat jelas, pemerintah dan pihak berwenang dapat menekan mereka untuk menghapus konten yang tidak mereka setujui. Jika menurut Anda berita buruk ini tidak memengaruhi komunitas crypto secara umum, pikirkan lagi. Torum dirancang untuk startup crypto yang akan datang dan berinteraksi dengan komunitas dan apa yang terjadi jika mereka memutuskan untuk meluncurkan penawaran koin awal (ICO atau inital coin offering) atau penawaran pertukaran awal (IEO atau initial exchange offering) yang belum disetujui oleh Komisi Sekuritas dan Bursa AS (SEC atau The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission)? Seperti Binance, regulator dapat meminta Torum untuk menghapus ICO, IEO, dll, atau mengecualikan warga negara Amerika Serikat (AS) atau menghadapi tindakan hukum. Apa yang tidak boleh dilakukan:
Detail lebih lanjut tentang persyaratan layananmereka Apa yang tidak disarankan untuk dilakukan:
Karena ini tidak didokumentasikan tetapi tidak disarankan oleh komunitas, silakan tinggalkan komentar jika saya melewatkan sesuatu. Apa yang baik dan bahkan didorong tetapi tidak disetujui oleh beberapa orang:
Sebenarnya, ini umum untuk hampir semua platform crypto. Apa yang boleh dilakukan:
Apa yang didorong untuk dilakukan:
Haruskah Torum menuju desentralisasi?Proyek crypto mana yang tidak ingin memiliki platform terdesentralisasi? Tentunya itu adalah minat terbaik Torum dalam jangka panjang. Namun, pendekatannya adalah masalahnya. Jika Torum saat ini bergeser ke platform terdesentralisasi dan tim bergeser ke organisasi otonom terdesentralisasi (DAO atau decentralized autonomous organization), itu mungkin harus mengorbankan beberapa pengguna saat ini dan pengguna masa depan karena pendekatan tersebut akan mengurangi kesempatan aplikasi untuk terdaftar di toko terkenal sekarang seperti Google Playstore dan App Store. Bahkan di antara pengguna kripto, hanya sedikit yang masih menggunakan aplikasi terdesentralisasi (dapps) dan penyimpanan sumber terbuka seperti F-Droid. LBRY pernah dihapus dari playstore karena beberapa konten, Bittube.tv pernah ditangguhkan oleh Google, dan Fortnite telah ditangguhkan di appstore dan playstore karena memasang pembayaran langsung. Pendekatan terbaik yang saya tahu adalah membuat dua platform berbeda di mana satu terpusat dan yang lainnya terdesentralisasi dan tentu saja batasannya adalah sumber daya di mana saya mengerti jika itu terlalu banyak untuk ditangani oleh tim. 
Torum is a unique social media platform even among crypto platforms. Torum is fun to use because of its various missions and other gamifications. Unfortunately, it is not a censorship resistant platform which means that you cannot totally post anything you want. The good news is that Torum only intends to censor obvious negative contents such as violence. This means they do not intend to censor contents that does not sound good for the governments such as London Reals repeated suspension due to journalism about COVID-19 and the mass Youtube crypto purge in new year 2020. The bad news is Torum is a transparent company where even the headquarters are known. Although they only want to censor obvious negative contents, the government and authorities can pressure them to take down contents that they do not approve. If you think that this bad news does not affect the general crypto community then think again. Torum is design for crypto startups to come and interract with the community and what happens if they decide to launch an intial coin offering (ICO) or initial exchange offering (IEO) that has not been approved by The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)? Like Binance, the regulators can ask Torum to take down the ICOs, IEOs, etc, or exclude United States (US) citizens or face legal actions. What is not okay to do:
more details on their terms of services. What is discouraged to do:
Since these are not documented but discouraged by the community, please leave a comment if I missed something out. What is okay and even encouraged but disagreed by some:
Actually, these are general to almost all crypto platforms. What is okay to do:
What is encouraged to do:
Should Torum head for decentralization?Which crypto projects does not want to have a decentralized platform? Surely it is the best interest for Torum in the long run. However, the approach is the problem. If the current Torum shifts to decentralized platform and the team shifts to decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), it may have to sacrifice some current users and future users because the approach will lessen the chance for the application to be listed in well known stores now such as Google Playstore and App Store. Even among crypto users, few still uses decentralized applications (dapps) and open source stores such as F-Droid. LBRY was once delisted from playstore due to some contents, Bittube.tv was once suspended by Google, and Fortnite was suspended in appstore and playstore for installing direct payment. The best approach that I know is to make two different platform where one is centralized and the other one is decentralized and ofcourse the limitation is the resource where I understand if it is too much for the team to handle.
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