NoteThis is my undergraduate assignment that I translated to English myself in the Electrical Measurement course where the task is to write an essay on Oscilloscopes. This assignment has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundHave you ever seen a line drawing that goes up and down, up and down again? Have you ever heard of signals, waves, vibrations, alternating current (AC)? Maybe on television you have seen the form of a signal displayed by news or educational media. Maybe you don't know the measuring instrument that can display the wave image. The measuring instrument is called an oscilloscope. 1.2 Objective
1.3 Scope of Material
Chapter 2 Basic Theory2.1 VibrationThe vibrations can be in the form of up and down, left-right, left side - right side, back and forth. In life we feel vibrations are a continuous back and forth motion, for example earthquakes. 2.2 FrequencyFrequency is defined as the number of vibrations that are carried out every second. The unit of frequency in the International System is hertz, abbreviated as Hz. This name is taken from the last name from the figure of Physics, whose name is Heinrich Hertz. hertz = vibration/second, frequency = vibration/time 2.3 PeriodPeriod is the time it takes to perform 1 vibration. f swing takes 1 second, 2f swing takes 2 seconds, 100f swing takes 100 seconds, f/2 swings take 1/2 second, f/100 swings take 1/100 of a second, f/f=1 swing, takes 1/f second, T = 1/f 2.4 WaveChapter 3 Discussion3.1 What is an oscilloscope?An oscilloscope is an electronic device that can provide an image on the screen (display) of the electrical signal connected to its input. Oscilloscopes usually have an input signal gate and an output signal. Oscilloscopes generally display images in 2 dimensions, the screen is in boxes. There are also 3 dimensions. A wave is converted into electricity, after which it can be read on an oscilloscope. With an oscilloscope it is possible to see the shape of the wave equation of an electrical signal. 3.2 How is the basic circuit of an oscilloscope?3.3 Name the buttons on the Oscilloscope?
3.4 How to basically use it?An explanation for the schematic of the analog oscilloscope working principle:
3.5 How is the application of the oscilloscope?Some of the oscilloscope functions include::
Chapter 4 Closing4.1 ConclusionAn oscilloscope is a device that displays electrical signals in the form of waves. Oscilloscopes are used in various fields. Provided that something can be defined in the form of waves. 4.2 Literature Review
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CatatanIni merupakan tugas S1 saya di mata kuliah Pengukuran Listrik dimana tugasnya adalah menulis essai mengenai Osiloskop. Tugas ini tidak pernah dipublikasi dimanapun dan saya sebagai penulis dan pemegang hak cipta melisensi tugas ini customized CC-BY-SA dimana siapa saja boleh membagi, menyalin, mempublikasi ulang, dan menjualnya dengan syarat mencatumkan nama saya sebagai penulis dan memberitahu bahwa versi asli dan terbuka tersedia disini. BAB 1 Pendahuluan1.1 Latar BelakangPernahkah anda melihat bentuk gambar garis yang naik-turun, naik lagi dan turun lagi? Pernahkah anda mendengar mengenai sinyal, gelombang, getaran, arus listrik bolak-balik (Alternating Current (AC))? Mungkin di televisi anda pernah melihat bentuk sinyal yang ditampilkan berita atau media edukasi. Mungkin anda belum mengetahui alat ukur yang dapat menampilkan gambar gelombang tersebut. Alat ukur tersebut disebut Osiloskop. 1.2 Tujuan
1.3 Ruang Lingkup Materi
BAB 2 Dasar Teori2.1 GetaranGetaran dapat berupa naik-turun, kiri-kanan, samping kiri – samping kanan, maju-mundur. Dalam kehidupan yang kita rasakan getaran adalah gerakan bolak-balik terus menerus, contohnya gempa bumi. 2.2 FrekuensiFrekuensi diartikan sebagai banyaknya getaran yang dilakukan setiap detik. Satuan frekuensi dalam SI (Sistem Internasional) adalah hertz, disingkat Hz. Nama ini diambil dari nama belakang tokoh Fisika, yang bernama Heinrich Hertz. hertz = getaran/detik, frekuensi = getaran/waktu 2.3 PeriodePeriode adalah waktu yang diperlukan untuk melakukan 1 getaran. f ayunan membutuhkan waktu 1 detik, 2f ayunan membutuhkan waktu 2 detik, 100f ayunan membutuhkan waktu 100 detik, f/2 ayunan membutuhkan waktu 1/2 detik, f/100 ayunan membutuhkan waktu 1/100 detik, f/f = 1 ayunan, membutuhkan waktu 1/f detik, T = 1/f 2.4 GelombangBAB 3 Pembahasan3.1 Apa itu Osiloskop?Osiloskop merupakan suatu peralatan elektronik yang dapat memberikan gambar pada layarnya (display), dan sinyal listrik yang dihubungkan pada inputnya. Osciloscope biasanya mempunyai gerbang sinyal input dan sinyal output. Osciloscope umumnya menampilkan gambar dalam 2 dimensi, layarnya kotak-kotak, adapun yang 3 dimensi. Suatu gelombang di konversi menjadi listrik, setelah itu dapat dibaca pada osciloscope. Dengan osiloskop memungkinkan untuk melihat bentuk dari persamaan gelombang suatu sinyal listrik. 3.2 Bagaimana rangkaian dasar Osiloskop?3.3 Sebutkan tombol-tombol pada Osiloskop?
3.4 Bagaimana cara menggunakannya (dasar saja)?Penjelasan untuk skema prinsip kerja osiloskop analog:
3.5 Bagaimana applikasi pada Osiloskop?Beberapa fungsi osiloskop antara lain untuk:
BAB 4 Penutup4.1 KesimpulanOsiloskop adalah suatu alat yang menampilkan sinyal listrik dalam bentuk gelombang. Osiloskop digunakan diberbagai bidang. Asalkan sesuatu tersebut dapat didefinisikan dalam bentuk gelombang. 4.2 Kajian Pustaka
NoteThis is my undergraduate assignment in the Electrical Measurement course where the task is to write an essay on Megger or Mega Ohm Meter. This assignment has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundMaybe you've heard an electrician perform a "Megger". The term "megger" is defined as a measurement or test of electrical insulation. Whereas Megger is a company that provides measuring devices in the field of electricity which is well known in the field of electrical insulation measurements. According to the author, the term someone doing "Megger" is a misnomer. Megger is not a verb, which should not be included in the dictionary. Many people confuse this saying, because the Megger company is so well known. The tools we use are made by the Megger company. The electrical insulation test is sometimes called the Megger Test. 1.2 Objective
1.3 Scope of Material
Chapter 2 Basic TheoryThe contents of this chapter are the same as the previous assignments regarding AVO Meters, except: 2.6 Electrical Insulation In BriefMaterials that are difficult to conduct electric current are called electric insulators. Examples of electrical insulators that are widely known to people are polymer materials, for example rubber. Some say strong electrical insulators are dielectrics. True, the dielectric is a material that can polarize (break up the combined charges). There is another sense that an electrical insulator is one where there is no electricity. The causes of this material being an insulator, among others, the absence of space or the fullness of the atomic nucleus against the electrons, so that the electrons cannot enter, the range of one atom to another is too wide, so that the electrons are difficult to flow (requires large energy), and there may still be other reasons for this. You can study the properties of atoms in chemistry. Why do scientists need to develop electrical insulating materials? The most basic is the safety factor. Touching electricity with a voltage higher than 60V can jeopardize safety. This can happen intentionally or accidentally. Therefore, the copper cable in every house to carry the electric current must be covered with a polymer material, usually rubber so that it is not dangerous. In ancient times paper and textiles were used instead of rubber. Refrigerator, TV, Computer, Laptop, Mouse, Keyboard, Rise Cooker, light button, Telephone, Hand Phone, Charger and all electronic items we hold use electrical insulation so that we can touch, otherwise we will be electrocuted. The keyboard buttons on our computers use insulation in the form of mica, now it has switched to rubber. Electrical insulation problems are a major cause of fires. If the two wires on the power pole touch, a short circuit can occur because the voltage is too large, after which it can cause fires and other harmful things. Therefore they must be isolated. Chapter 3 Discussion3.1 What and how is the insulation tested or why do many people often call it the Megger test?The megger test in question is a test using a megometer (mega ohm meter). This test is a test of insulation (electrical insulation) of an object. The tool that is often used is the tool owned by the Megger company, that's why people often mention Megger Test. This test is done by applying tension to an object. The test will be seen by looking for the leakage current. We recommend that you use low voltage first to be careful, so as not to damage the material. If the applied voltage is higher than the object can accept, its insulation properties can be damaged. How to Use:
To test the smoothness of the electrical fault in a conductor:
3.2 How is the history of the founding of Megger?3.3 What is Megger's main tool and how?3.4 How is the Megger company today?Megger's products have been used all over the world. Products have been uploaded to the web www.megger.com and are constantly growing. Not only providing products but also providing training in the field of electricity, especially electrical measurement, providing manuals/books on how to measure electricity and others. Megger production is now in Dallas, Texas; Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and Dover, England. Offices have spread all over the world, in the U.S, Cananda, Mexico City, Mexico; Dover, England; Paris, France; Mumbai, India, and Bahrain. There are hundreds of sellers/distributors of products, manuals in multiple languages, software with multilingual displays and Megger workers who can work with consumers around the world. 3.5 Are current Megger devices still only within the limits of electrical insulation measurements?Chapter 4 Closing4.1 ConclusionElectrical insulation measurements really need to be known by every electrician. Megger (Megaohm Meter) is a tool that is often used. Megger has now grown into a company that offers a wide variety of electrical measuring instruments. 4.2 Literature Review
CatatanIni merupakan tugas S1 saya di mata kuliah Pengukuran Listrik dimana tugasnya adalah menulis essai mengenai Megger atau Mega Ohm Meter. Tugas ini tidak pernah dipublikasi dimanapun dan saya sebagai penulis dan pemegang hak cipta melisensi tugas ini customized CC-BY-SA dimana siapa saja boleh membagi, menyalin, mempublikasi ulang, dan menjualnya dengan syarat mencatumkan nama saya sebagai penulis dan memberitahu bahwa versi asli dan terbuka tersedia disini. BAB 1 Pendahuluan1.1 Latar BelakangMungkin anda pernah mendengar seorang teknisi listrik melakukan “Megger”. Istilah “Megger” yang dimaksud adalah pengukuran atau pengujian isolasi listrik. Padahal Megger adalah suatu perusahaan yang menyediakan alat pengukur dalam bidang listrik yang terkenal dalam bidang pengukuran isolasi listrik. Menurut penulis istilah seseorang melakukan “Megger” adalah ucapan yang keliru. Megger bukanlah suatu kata kerja, yang seharusnya tidak dimasukkan dalam kamus bahasa. Banyak orang keliru dengan ucapan ini, karena perusahaan Megger begitu terkenal. Alat-alat yang kita gunakan dibuat oleh perusahaan Megger. Pengetesan isolasi listrik terkadang disebut Megger Test. 1.2 Tujuan
1.3 Ruang Lingkup Materi
BAB 2 Dasar TeoriIsi BAB ini sama seperti tugas sebelumnya mengenai AVO Meter, kecuali: 2.6 Isolasi Listrik Secara SingkatBahan yang susah untuk mengalirkan arus listrik disebut isolator listrik. Contoh isolator listrik yang banyak dikenal orang adalah bahan polimer, contohnya karet. Ada yang mengatakan isolator listrik yang kuat adalah dielektrik. Benar, dielektrik adalah suatu bahan yang dapat melakukan polarisasi (memecah gabungan muatan). Ada pengertian lain bahwa isolator listrik adalah dimana tidak adanya listrik. Penyebab bahan tersebut menjadi isolator antara lain tidak adanya tempat atau penuhnya inti atom terhadap elektron, sehingga elektron tidak dapat masuk, rentang suatu atom terhadap yang lain terlalu lebar, sehingga elektron susah untuk mengalir (perlu energi besar), dan mungkin masih ada alasan hal-hal lain. Dapat dipelajari sifat-sifat atom pada kimia. Mengapa ilmuwan perlu mengembangkan bahan isolasi listrik, padahal udara sendiri merupakan isolator listrik yang kuat? Jika udara merupakan suatu konduktor maka listrik pasti akan merambat ke segala arah seperti listrik dialirkan pada air. Yang paling mendasar adalah faktor keamanan. Bila kita menyentuh listrik yang tegangannya lebih tinggi dari 60V dapat membahayakan keselamatan. Hal ini bisa terjadi secara sengaja maupun tidak sengaja. Oleh karena itu kabel tembaga di setiap rumah untuk mengalirkan arus listrik harus diselimuti oleh bahan polimer, biasanya karet agar tidak membahayakan. Zaman dahulu digunakan kertas dan tekstil daripada karet. Kulkas, TV, Komputer, Laptop, Mouse, Keyboard, Rise Cooker, tombol lampu, Telepon, Hand Phone, Charger dan semua barang elektronik yang kita pegang menggunakan bahan isolasi listrik agar dapat kita sentuh, jika tidak, kita akan kesetrum. Tombol-tombol keyboard pada komputer kita menggunakan isolasi berupa mika, sekarang sudah beralih ke karet. Masalah isolasi listrik adalah penyebab utama terjadinya kebakaran. Jika kedua kabel pada tiang listrik bersentuhan, dapat terjadi konslet karena tegangan yang terlalu besar, setelah itu dapat menyebabkan kebakaran dan hal lain yang merugikan. Oleh karena itu mereka harus diisolasikan. BAB 3 Pembahasan3.1 Apakah dan bagaimana pengetesan insulasi (isolasi listrik) atau banyak orang sering menyebut Megger test?Megger test yang dimaksud adalah pengetesan menggunakan megometer (mega ohm meter). Test ini adalah test insulasi (isolasi listrik) terhadap suatu benda. Alat yang sering digunakan adalah alat milik perusahaan Megger, oleh sebab itu sering orang-orang menyebutkan Megger Test. Pengetesan ini dilakukan dengan cara memberikan tegangan terhadap suatu benda. Pengujian akan dilihat dengan cara mencari adanya arus yang bocor. Sebaiknya menggunakan tegangan rendah dulu untuk hati-hati, agar tidak merusak bahan tersebut. Jika tegangan yang diberikan terlalu tinggi dari yang dapat diterima benda maka sifat insulasinya bisa rusak. Cara Menggunakan:
Untuk menguji kelancaran listrik, gangguan pada konduktor:
3.2 Bagaimana sejarahnya berdirinya Megger?3.3 Apa alat pokok atau alat utama Megger dan bagaimana?3.4 Bagaimana perusahaan Megger di zaman sekarang?Produk milik Megger telah digunakan diseluruh belahan dunia. Produknya telah di upload di web www.megger.com dan terus berkembang. Tidak hanya menyediakan produk tetapi juga menyediakan pelatihan dalam bidang listrik khususnya pengukuran listrik, menyediakan manual/buku cara mengukur listrik dan lain-lainnya. Produksi Megger sekarang di Dallas, Texas; Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and Dover, England. Kantor telah tersebar di berbagai belahan dunia, di U.S, Cananda, Mexico City, Mexico; Dover, England; Paris, France; Mumbai, India, and Bahrain. Adapun ratusan penjual/penyebar produk, manual dalam 7 bahasa, software dengan multilingual display dan pekerja Megger yang dapat bekerja sama dengan konsumen di seluruh dunia. 3.5 Apakah alat-alat Megger sekarang, masih hanya dalam batasan pengukuran isolasi listrik?BAB 4 Penutup4.1 KesimpulanPengukuran insulasi listrik memang perlu diketahui setiap teknisi listrik. Megger (Megaohm Meter) adalah alat yang sering digunakan. Megger sekarang telah berkembang menjadi perusahaan yang manwarkan berbagai ragam alat pengukuran listrik. 4.2 Kajian Pustaka
NoteThis is my undergraduate assignment that I translated to English myself in the Electrical Measurement course where the task is to write an essay on AVO Meters. This assignment has never been published anywhere and I, as the author and copyright holder, license this assignment customized CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, copy, republish, and sell on condition to state my name as the author and notify that the original and open version available here. Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundIn this day and age (2011), the name AVO meter is familiar. Almost all households have an AVO meter. Now every household cannot be separated from the use of electricity. In this modern era, almost all activities require electric power. Pumping water with an electric pump, cooling food and preserving it using the refrigerator, watching television, moreover at night you have to turn on the lights, all of that needs electricity. If there are problems with power tools, first look at the damage visually. If it doesn't work, then you need an electricity measurement using an AVO meter. Not necessarily everyone can use the AVO meter, maybe in a household, mostly only 1 person can use it and know what it is. Few also know how it works (only those who specifically learn about electricity). 1.2 ObjectiveThe purpose of writing this paper is to explain to ordinary people about AVO meters and how to use them. 1.3 Scope of Material
Chapter 2 Basic Theory2.1 AVO MeterAVO stands for Ampere Volt Ohm. The meter here can be defined as a measuring instrument. AVO meter is a tool that can measure current (amperes), voltage (volts), resistance (ohms). 2.2 Charge (Coulumb)In this world, there are 2 charges, namely positive and negative charges. There is also a neutral charge, where the molecule has the same positive and negative power. If the load is like (++, --) will reject reject. When the charges are different (+ -) will be of attraction. The force that occurs between charges is called the coulomb force. Electricity can be generated by flowing charges. Take the salt bridge, for example. The electrons flowing into the protons are called electric currents. 2.3 Current (Ampere)Current is defined as charge flowing in units of time. I = dq/dt, dq = q2 - q1, dt = t2 - t1 I = Current (ampere) q = Charge (coulomb) t = Time (second) To make it easy to understand the formula above, it can be said that the amount of coulomb that flows every second. The person who contributed to the discovery of currents was a mathematician and physicist from France, namely André-Marie Ampère. 2.4 Voltage (Volt)The voltage in electricity can be said to be the amount of energy carried by each charge. V = dw/dq V = voltage (volt) W = enegy (joule) q = charge (coulomb) For easy understanding this formula can be said of the energy contained per 1 coulumb. The name of the volt comes from the Italian physicist Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta. 2.5 Resistansi (Ohm)German physicist George Simon Ohm found that the voltage applied to an object is directly proportional to the current flowing. Each object has a different resistance. For example, for the first object, if given 2V it will flow 1A, if given 4V it will flow 2A. The first object has a resistance of 2Ω. For the second object if given 4V will flow 5A, if given 8V will flow 10A. The second object has a resistance of 4/5Ω. V=IR, I=V/R, R=V/I V = voltage (volt) I = current (ampere) R = resistance (ohm) Resistance is an electrical resistance which can be said to be the amount of voltage required to flow a current. 2.6 AC and DC voltageDC stands for direct current which means a straight flowing current. AC stands for alternating current, which means the current that flows up and down following a sine wave. Chapter 3 Discussion3.1 Question
3.2 Answer
3. The arrangement of the galvanometer is as follows: 4. Galvanometer works by entering electricity into it. After the electricity flows, it will produce a magnetic field that attracts the wire and attracts the spiral spring as well. So that the needle will rotate, and the spring will return it to normal condition after usage.
Ammeter works on the principle of water flow. For the ohmmeter the voltage will be given to the object to be measured its resistance. By applying stress, the resistance will be seen. 5. This section is taken from Putu Rusdi Ariawan's paper on AVO meters, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University. How to measure DC Voltage
Measure AC Voltage
How to Measure DC CurrentThe way to measure current is somewhat different from measuring voltage, where the circuit for measuring current is installed in series with the load. Loads can be resistors, lamps or others.
Measuring ResistanceThe point of measuring resistance is to determine the condition of a component in a damaged or good state, and to determine how much the value of resistance is. Suppose a resistor has a color code: brown, black, red and gold tolerance means that the resistor has a resistance value of 1000 ohms with a tolerance of 5%, meaning that the resistor is still good if after measuring the value it is still between +/- 5% of 1000 ohms, or between 950 to 1050 ohms. How to measure it as follows:
Chapter 4 Closing4.1 ConclusionAVO meter is a combination of ammeter (ammeter), voltmeter, ohmmeter made into 1 tool. Tools that have varied functions, namely measuring current, voltage and resistance, are often termed a multitester. In fact, the author wants to explain in detail about the AVO meter. The real writer has the aim of explaining the definition, how to use it, how it works, so that the reader can make the AVO meter itself. By understanding how to make it the reader can repair it if it is damaged. However, it is unfortunate that limited time and knowledge prevent the writer from achieving this goal. Hopefully this assignment is useful for all who read and apologize if there are errors. In the end let me say thank you. 4.2 Literature Review
CatatanIni merupakan tugas S1 saya di mata kuliah Pengukuran Listrik dimana tugasnya adalah menulis essai mengenai AVO Meter. Tugas ini tidak pernah dipublikasi dimanapun dan saya sebagai penulis dan pemegang hak cipta melisensi tugas ini customized CC-BY-SA dimana siapa saja boleh membagi, menyalin, mempublikasi ulang, dan menjualnya dengan syarat mencatumkan nama saya sebagai penulis dan memberitahu bahwa versi asli dan terbuka tersedia disini. BAB 1 Pendahuluan1.1 Latar BelakangPada zaman sekarang (2011) yang namanya AVO meter tidak asing lagi. Hampir semua rumah tangga mempunyai yang namanya AVO meter. Sekarang setiap rumah tangga tidak lepas dari penggunaan listrik. Era yang modern ini hampir semua kegiatan memerlukan tenaga listrik. Memompa air dengan pompa electric, mendinginkan makanan dan mangawetkan menggunakan kulkas, nonton televisi, apa lagi malam hari harus menghidupkan lampu, semua itu perlu listrik. Jika ada permasalahan dengan alat-alat listrik, pertama kali dilihat secara visual tentang kerusakannya. Jika tidak berhasil, maka dibutuhkan pengukuran listrik menggunakan AVO meter. Belum tentu semua bisa menggunakan AVO meter, mungkin dalam rumah tangga, kebanyakan hanya 1 orang saja yang bisa menggunakannya dan tahu alat tersebut apa. Sedikit pula juga yang tahu cara kerjanya (kira-kira hanya yang khusus belajar tentang listrik). 1.2 TujuanTujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk menjelaskan kepada orang awam mengenai AVO meter dan cara-cara penggunaannya. 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Materi
BAB 2 Dasar Teori2.1 AVO MeterAVO adalah singkatan dari Ampere Volt Ohm. Meter disini dapat didefinisikan sebagai alat ukur. AVO meter adalah suatu alat yang dapat mengukur arus (ampere), tegangan (volt), resistansi (ohm). 2.2 Muatan (Coulumb)Dalam dunia ini terdapat 2 muatan, yaitu muatan positif dan negatif. Ada pula muatan netral yaitu dimana molekul tersebut kekuatan positif dan negatifnya sama. Bila muatan sejenis (++,--) akan tolak menolak. Bila muatan berbeda (+-) akan tarik-menarik. Gaya yang terjadi antara muatan disebut gaya coulomb. Listrik dapat dihasilkan oleh muatan yang mengalir. Contohnya jembatan garam. Electron yang mengalir ke proton disebut aliran listrik. 2.3 Arus (Ampere)Arus didefinisikan sebagai muatan yang mengalir dalam satuan waktu. I = dq/dt, dq = q2 - q1, dt = t2 - t1 I = Arus (ampere) q = Muatan (coulomb) t = Waktu (detik) Agar mudah dimengerti rumus diatas dapat dikatakan besarnya coulomb yang mengalir setiap detik. Orang yang berjasa dalam penemuan arus adalah seorang matemtika dan fisikawan asal Perancis, yaitu André-Marie Ampère. 2.4 Tegangan (Volt)Tegangan dalam listrik dapat dikatakan sebagai besarnya energi yang dibawa setiap muatan. V = dw/dq V = tegangan (volt) W = enegeri (joule) q = muatan (coulomb) Untuk mudah dimengerti rumus ini dapat dikatakan energi yang dikandung setiap 1 coulumb. Nama volt berasal dari fisikawan dari Itali Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta. 2.5 Resistansi (Ohm)Fisikawan Jerman George Simon Ohm menemukan bahwa tegangan yang diberikan ke suatu benda berbanding lurus dengan arus yang mengalir. Setiap benda memiliki resistansi yang berbeda-beda. Contoh, Untuk benda pertama, jika diberikan 2V maka akan mengalir 1A, jika deberikan 4V maka akan mengalir 2A. Benda pertama memiliki resistansi 2Ω. Untuk benda kedua jika diberikan 4V akan mengalir 5A, jika diberikan 8V akan mengalir 10A. Benda kedua memiliki resistansi 4/5Ω. V=IR, I=V/R, R=V/I V = tegangan (volt) I = arus (ampere) R = hambatan (ohm) Resistansi adalah hambatan listrik dimana dapat dikatakan besar tegangan yang diperlukan untuk mengalirkan suatu arus. 2.6 Tegangan AC dan DCDC adalah singkatan dari direct current yang artinya arus yang mengalir lurus. AC adalah singkatan dari alternating current yang artinya arus yang mengalir naik-turun mengikuti gelombang sinus. BAB 3 Pembahasan3.1 Rumusan Masalah
3.2 Pembahasan
3. Penyusunan galvanometer adalah sebagai berikut: 4. Galvanometer bekerja dengan memasukan aliran listrik kedalamnya. Setelah listrik mengalir, akan menghasilkan medan magnet yang membuat kawat tertarik dan menarik pegas spiral pula. Sehingga jarum akan berputar, pegas untuk mengembalikan keaadan seperti semula.
Ammeter bekerja dengan prinsip aliran air. (Dengan keterbatasan waktu dan pengetahuan sementara, penulis tidak dapat menjelaskannya.) Untuk ohmmeter tegangan akan diberikan ke benda yang akan diukur resistansinya. Dengan memberikan tegangan akan terlihat hambatannya. (Dengan keterbatasan waktu dan pengetahuan sementara, penulis tidak dapat menjelaskannya.) 5. Bagian ini diambil dari makalah Putu Rusdi Ariawan tentang AVO meter Fakultas Teknik Universitas Udayana. Cara mengukur Tegangan DC
Mengukur Tegangan AC
Cara Mengukur Arus DCCara mengukur arus agak berbeda dengan mengukur tegangan, dimana rangkaian untuk mengukur arus dipasang dengan cara serie dengan beban. Beban dapat berupa resistor, lampu atau lainnya.
Mengukur ResistansiGunanya mengukur resistansi adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi suatu komponen dalam keadaan rusak atau baik, serta untuk menentukan berapakah besar nilai Resistansinya. Misalkan sebuah resistor mempunyai kode warna : coklat, hitam, merah dan toleransi emas artinya resistor tersebut mempunyai nilai resistansi sebesar 1000 ohm dengan toleransi 5%, maksudnya resistor tersebut masih dikatakan baik bila setelah diukur nilainya masih diantara +/- 5% dari 1000 ohm, atau antara 950 sampai 1050 ohm. Cara mengukurnya sebagai berikut:
BAB 4 Penutup4.1 KesimpulanAVO meter adalah gabungan dari ammeter (amperemeter), voltmeter, ohmmeter dijadikan 1 alat. Alat yang mempunyai fungsi bervariasi yaitu pengukur arus, tegangan dan hambatan sering diistilahkan sebagai multitester. Sesungguhnya penulis ingin menjelaskan serinci-rincinya mengenai AVO meter. Penulis sesungguhnya mempunyai tujuan menjelaskan definsikinya, cara menggunakannya, cara kerjanya, sampai agar pembaca dapat membuat AVO meter itu sendiri. Dengan mengerti cara pembuatannya pembacapun dapat memberbaiki jika rusak. Namun sayang sekali karena keterbatasan waktu dan pengetahuan untuk sementara ini menghalang penulis untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Semogaa makalah ini bermanfaat untuk semua yang membaca dan mohon maaf bila ada kesalahan. Akhir kata saya ucapkan terima kasih. 4.2 Kajian Pustaka
I wrote an essay about Google when I was an undergraduate student in 2013 and found it still refreshing which is easy to digest for general users. This is why I still dared to share my essay eventhough it has already been 7 years since then. No matter how long it had passed, I still believe that the knowledge is still useful with the disadvantage that it had already advanced today. Google history is when 2 Ph.D student from Stanford University named Larry Page and Sergey Binn to make an efficient search engine that gave users relevant links in response to search requests. As a search engine is still Google’s core purpose but Google also provides variety of application, range from email service up to document storage (Jonathan Strickland, 2013). Because of Google and other search engines, The Internet is place to search for information from anywhere, instantly and anytime with low cost. Without these search engines it would be practically impossible to find the information you need when you browse the Web. Like other search engines Google uses a special algorithm. Although its specific algorithm is company secret, Google gave out a general fact. Like other search engines, Google uses an automated program called spiders or crawlers. Google has a large index of keywords but what distinguish Google from other search engines is Google ranks it’s search result well. Google uses a trademarked algorithm called PageRank, which assigns each Web page a relevancy score. A Web page's PageRank depends on a few factors (Jonathan Strickland, 2013):
Spider bots are in charge of listed above, it travels to many sites and continues to other sites through the link that’s found on that site. When you enter keywords in Google the search engine refers to its database and displays the results. The most relevant results are at top list. Back in 1998, Google's equipment was relatively modest. Co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin used Stanford equipment and donated machines to run Google's search engine duties. The equipment at that time included (Jonathan Strickland, 2013):
Today, Google uses hundreds of thousands of servers to provide services to its users. Google's strategy is to use relatively inexpensive machines running on a customized operating system based on Linux. A program called Google File System manages the data on Google's servers (Jonathan Strickland, 2013). We do not know exactly the current setup Google has for its datacenters. But a thread at WebmasterWorld asks the question, "How are Google's servers connected?" Lammert provides an extremely helpful and well-written response to the question. I cannot write it better myself, so I will quote it below (Barry Schwartz, 2005). Google operates a number of datacenters around the world. I am not sure about the exact number, but at the moment there are about 15. Each datacenter has one or more clusters, and each clusters consists of thousands of computers calculating the SERPs for your search query. When you do a query, you are connected with one of these data centers. Which one is determined by the DNS settings of the nameservers of Google called ns1.google.com ... ns4.google.com. Throughout the day, you are not connected to the same data center or cluster. This is, because Google has decided to set an extremely short TTL (time to live) time for the canonical name and IP address. They have a good reason for it. If a cluster is overloaded or brakes down, they can route requests to another cluster or datacenter. Within 5 minutes (the TTL of the IP addresses) all clients will request a new IP address for www.google.com and all traffic is rerouted (Barry Schwartz, 2005). Sources:
Regarding soft skills and hard skills for me, both are important. The most important thing for me is open minded, which means accepting something regardless of background and status, always being prejudiced, and accepting all differences. Roughly it means being able to accept other people's opinions, to be able to hang out with anyone, but still hold to our beliefs. If we are open minded, then softskill and hardskill will encourage each other. According to my definition, soft skills are personalities with good social skills, cooperation, discipline, and so on. Hard skills are one's own ability to do something, for example being able to master course material, be able to assemble electronic devices, be able to do research, and other abilities. To be honest, at first I went to college, majored in electrical engineering in 2010, I have little soft skills. Until now I was heavy on hard skills, more independent from others. One example during college, where friends prefer to discuss to complete assignments, I chose to work alone first. But that doesn't mean I shut myself off from others. Most of the time I can work it out myself, and well. My friends knew this, so I was asked to help them with their assignments. What I do is not give them my assignment but teach them how to complete the task. Teaching my friends as well as the discussion also increases my knowledge. That's how I can make friends in the campus environment. From the beginning I didn't have any friends, thanks to often helping them solve problems I ended up playing with them every time I went to campus. So hard skill helps to improve soft skills. The lesson I learned, if smart and open minded, there will be many people who will come. Now my abilities are known to have a pile of work coming up at my desk. Now almost every day I get a call to help set up a computer network at the Badung Central Government Office, I am appointed to take care of the web, Kelas Inspire Bali, and many other jobs that come. With a lot of work that came I ended up getting along with a lot of people. Thanks to hard skill, you can increase soft skill on the condition that it must be open minded. If it is open minded then the opposite can happen. Soft skill can increase hard skill. In my experience with many people I was offered many jobs. For example at HME (Electrical Student Association) I was recruited to the Computer Division as head of the network section. Thanks to that I have access to the Computer Lab, and now I have access to the Communication System Lab. There I was free to develop either a computer or telecommunications network in the lab, and did many experiments. So thanks to soft skills I can increase hard skills. My advice is to pay attention to the situation in the environment. Can serve by being involved in activities held by local people, participating in existing seminars, and participating in competitions that we like. If only active in the internal environment, it is called a frog in the well. Therefore, apart from being active inside we should be active outside. The world is big. In addition to committees and seminars, take part in trainings, courses, student exchanges at the national and international levels, competitions at the national and international levels and others. However, if you are a student, studying and completing your studies is still the top priority. As a college student, it should not be sacrificed. After I prioritize college, I can use the remaining time to participate in activities and get to know the outside world. My experience when participating in achieving student activities in 2013 was that I couldn't get 1st place, I got 4th place at the University level because of the lack of participation in outside faculty activities while other oftens participate in international activities. I believe that in terms of hard skills I excel. My English test got the highest score at the local level TOEFL with a score of 560, my psycho test was quite superior, my research was scientitif and adoptive, discovering tools that is useful for society with low cost, my presentation was one of the most interesting but I lost at activities. Because each category of activities is limited to 5 points. For example 5 for Udayana University internal seminars and 5 for external activities, 5 for internal committee and 5 for external committe. At that time the table of the internal seminar activities and the internal committee was filled in completely. But the internal social service activities, internal writing competitions, other internal competitions, internal trainings, work experience, and everything external is almost empty. That's where I lost. Therefore I suggest that engineering students be more active in activity participation outside the faculty, and at most I suggest not to close their eyes outside the University. Activities are not limited to seminars and committee, there are many other types of activities. If one of your soft skills and hard skills is not balanced then what happen is that if you are strong in hard skills and do not have soft skills you will burder everything alone, even worse is isolated by others because they do not like you. If you are strong in soft skills and do not have hard skills, you will not be of any use to others. If you don't have the hard skill, you will have difficulty offering help to others. The saying that give and you shall receive is how can you give if you have nothing? Even if you have a strong soft skill and relies on others to help you, you are still are still susceptible to deceit and scams as you lack understanding in the task that you are doing. Mengenai softskill dan hardskill bagi saya keduanya penting. Yang paling penting bagi saya adalah openminded (terbuka), artinya menerima sesuatu tanpa memandang latar belakang dan status, selalu berprasangka baik, dan menerima segala perbedaan. Secara kasar artinya dapat menerima pendapat orang lain, dapat bergaul dengan siapa saja, tetapi tetap berpegang teguh terhadapap keyakinan kita. Jika openminded maka softskill dan hardskill akan saling mendorong satu dengan yang lainnya. Menurut definisi saya softskill merupakan kepribadian baik kemampuan bergaul, berkerja sama, disiplin, dan lain-lain. Kalau hardskill merupakan kemampuan diri sendiri untuk melakukan sesuatu, contohnya dapat menguasai materi kuliah, dapat merangkai alat elektronik, dapat melakukan penelitian, dan kemampuan lainnya. Jujur awalnya saya kuliah, masuk jurusan teknik elektro tahun 2010, saya mempunyai softskill yang kecil. Sampai sekarang saya berat di hardskill, lebih bersifat mandiri dan tidak tergantung orang lain. Salah satu contoh pada saat kuliah, dimana teman-teman lebih memilih berdiskusi untuk menyelesaikan tugas, saya memilih untuk bekerja sendiri terlebih dahulu. Namun tidak berarti saya menutup diri dari yang lainnya. Sering kali saya dapat menyelesaikannya sendiri, dan dengan baik. Hal itu diketahui oleh teman-teman saya sehingga saya diminta tolong untuk membantu tugas mereka. Yang saya lakukan bukan memberi tugas saya kepada mereka tetapi mengajari mereka bagaimana menyelesaikan tugas tersebut. Mengajari teman-teman saya sekaligus diskusi itu juga meningkatkan pengetahuan saya. Begitulah bagaimana saya dapat berteman dengan teman-teman saya dilingkungan kampus. Dari awalnya tidak punya teman, berkat sering membantu mereka menyelesaikan masalah saya akhir bermain dengan mereka tiap kali ke kampus. Jadi hardskill membantu untuk meningkatkan softskill. Pelajaran yang saya dapat, jika pintar dan openminded pasti banyak orang yang akan datang. Sekarang kemampuan saya diketahui ada setumpuk pekerjaan yang datang didepan meja saya. Sekarang hampir setiap hari saya ditelpon untuk membantu mengkonfigurasi jaringan komputer di Puspem Badung, saya ditunjuk untuk mengurusi web Kelasinspirasibali, dan banyak lagi pekerjaan yang datang. Dengan banyak pekerjaan yang datang tersebut akhirnya saya dapat bergaul dengan banyak orang. Berkat hardskill dapat meningkatkan softskill dengan syarat harus openminded (terbuka). Jika openminded maka hal sebaliknya dapat terjadi. Softskill dapat meningkatkan hardskill. Pengalaman saya bergaul dengan banyak orang saya ditawari banyak pekerjaan. Contohnya di HME (Himpunan Mahasiswa Elektro) saya direkrut di Divisi Komputer sebagai kepala bagian jaringan. Berkat itu saya dapat akses ke Lab Komputer, dan sekarang dapat akses ke Lab DSK. Disana saya bebas untuk mengembangkan jaringan baik komputer atau telekomunikasi di lab tersebut, dan melakukan banyak eksperimen. Maka berkat softskill saya dapat meningkatkan hardskill. Saran yang saya sampaikan adalah bersifat perhatian dengan keadaan di lingkungan sekitar. Dapat mengabdi dengan ikut terlibat kegiatan yang diadakan oleh sekitar, menjadi peserta seminar yang ada, dan mengikuti lomba-lomba yang kita sukai. Jika hanya aktif dilingkungan intern itu disebut jago dikandang. Oleh karena itu selain didalam juga aktif diluar. Dunia itu besar. Selain kepanitiaan dan seminar, ikutilah pelatihan, kursus, pertukaran pelajar tingkat nasional maupun internasional, lomba tingkat nasional maupun internasional dan lain-lain. Walaupun demikian jika sebagai mahasiswa tetap kuliah dan menyelesaikan studi merupakan prioritas utama. Sebagai mahasiswa kuliah tidak boleh dikorbankan. Waktu saya prioritaskan untuk kuliah, waktu sisa bisa saya pakai untuk mengikuti kegiatan dan mengenal dunia luar. Pengalaman saya saat mengikuti kegiatan mahasiswa berprestasi 2013 bahwa saya tidak bisa dapat peringkat 1, dapatnya peringkat 4 tingkat Universitas karena kurangnya mengikuti kegiatan diluar. Saya percaya bahwa dari segi hardskill saya unggul. Tes bahasa inggris saya dapat nilai tertinggi di TOEFL tingkat lokal dengan angka 560, Psiko tes saya lumayan unggul, karya ilmiah saya sudah bersifat penelitian (penemuan alat dan bermanfaat untuk masyarakat dengan harga yang murah), presentasi saya salah satu yang paling menarik tetapi saya kalah di kegiatan. Karena masing-masing kategori dari kegiatan dibatasin 5. Contohnya 5 untuk seminar intern unud dan 5 untuk ekstern, 5 untuk kepanitian intern unud dan 5 untuk ekstern. Pada saat itu tabel kegiatan seminar intern dan kepanitiaan intern saya isi penuh. Tetapi kegiatan bakti sosial intern, lomba-lomba karya tulis intern, lomba-lomba lain intern, pelatihan-pelatihan intern, pengalaman kerja, dan semua yang ekstern terisi hampir kosong. Disitulah saya kalah. Oleh karena itu saya sarankan untuk mahasiswa fakultas teknik untuk lebih giat mengikuti kegiatan diluar fakultas, dan paling saya sarankan untuk tidak menutup mata diluar Universitas. Kegiatan tidak terbatas pada seminar-seminar dan kepanitian, ikutilah kegiatan jenis lainnya. Bila salah satu softskill dan hardskill tidak seimbang maka yang terjadi, bila kuat di hardskill dan tidak memiliki softskill anda akan berjuang untuk hidup sendiri, lebih parah lagi dihalangi oleh orang lain karena tidak disukai. Silahkan rasakan susahnya berjuang sendiri. Bila kuat di softskill dan tidak memiliki hardskill anda akan tidak akan berguna bagi orang lain. Jika tidak memiliki hardskill kemampuan untuk melakukan sesuatu bagaimana membantu lainnya? Kedua hal tersebut terjadi bila orang tersebut bersifat closeminded (tertutup). Seperti hal berikut, orang yang pintar tidak mau bergaul, sehingga ilmunya tidak banyak berguna, sering bergaul tetapi tidak pintar dan yang membuat buruk tidak mau berkembang. Jika tidak mau berkembang tidak ada gunanya bergaul dengan banyak orang karena tidak melakukan sesuatu untuk membantu. NoteThis is my Visual Programming assignment that I translated to English myself during my undergraduate study at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University, 2011. Indeed, this assignment is far behind times but it can be an entertainment in the future where Visual Basic sophistication is very advanced and when seeing this assignment, old programmers will feel nostalgic and young programmers will be surprised at how underdeveloped Visual Basic was then. This assignment has never been published anywhere. I and Muhammad Audy Bazly, as the author and copyright holder, license this task with CC-BY-SA where anyone can share, share, republish and sell on condition to state name us as authors and let us know that the original and open versions are available here. Get to know Visual Basic 6.0Basic language is basically a language that is easy to understand so programming in the Basic language can be easily be done even by people who are just learning to program. This is even easier after the presence of Microsoft Visual Basic, which was built from the idea of creating a simple and easy scripting language for the graphic user interface developed in the Microsoft Windows operating system. Visual Basic is a programming language that is very easy to learn, with visual programming techniques that allow users to be better creative in producing an application program. This can be seen from the basic creation in Visual Basic is FORM, where users can set the appearance of the form and then run it in a very easy script. The explosion in the use of Visual Basic is marked by the ability of Visual Basic to be able to interact with other applications in the Windows operating system with ActiveX Control components. With this component it allows users to call and use all existing data models in the Windows operating system. This is also supported by programming techniques in Visual Basic which adopt two types of programming, namely Visual Programming and Object Oriented Programming (OOP). Visual Basic 6.0 is actually a development from the previous version with several additional components that are currently trending, such as internet programming capabilities with DHTML (Dynamic HyperText Mark Language), and several additional database and multimedia features that are getting better. Until the time this book was written, it can be said that Visual Basic 6.0 is still the first choice in making application programs that exist in the national software market. This is due to the ease in carrying out the development process of the application being created. Visual Basic 6.0 InterfaceThe Visual Basic 6.0 interface contains menus, toolbars, toolboxes, forms, project explorer and properties as shown in Figure 1 below.: Making an application program using Visual Basic is done by making an application display on the form, then given the program script in the required components. The form is composed of components that are in the [Toolbox], and each component that is used must have its properties set via the [Property] window. Menus are basically standard operations in the Windows operating system, such as creating new forms, creating new projects, opening projects and saving projects. In addition, there are visual basic usage facilities on the menu. For more details, Visual Basic provides a very complete and detailed help in MSDN. The toolbox contains components that can be used by an active project, meaning that the contents of the components in the toolbox really depend on the type of project being built. The standard components in the toolbox can be seen in Figure 2 below. The functions of the control components in the ToolBox in Visual Basic:
Basic Concepts of Programming in Visual Basic 6.0The basic concept of Visual Basic 6.0 programming is making forms by following the property, method and event programming rules. This is means:
Create a New ProjectTo start making application programs in Visual Basic, what is done is to create a new project. Project is a set of forms, modules, functions, data and reports used in an application. Creating a new project can be done by selecting the [File] >> [New Project] menu or by pressing the [new project] icon on the Toolbar which is located in the upper left corner. After that a confirmation will appear for the type of project from the application program that will be created as shown in Figure 3 below. Visual Basic 6.0 provides 13 types of projects that can be created as shown in Figure 3 above. There are several projects that are commonly used by many Visual Basic users, including:
Then select Standard EXE and press [Ok]. Then the display of Standard Exe appears as shown in Figure 1. Thus the project is ready to be created. In making the previous project double click on the form created so that there is a hidden window in the form of a window for programming or a code window. This can be done by selecting the icon for the form window or the code window in [Project Explorer]. This can be seen in Figure 4 and Figure 5. In the form window, the user builds the appearance of the application program that will be created by adjusting the components both their location, properties and events. To retrieve a component from the [Toolbox], you can click on the component, then click or drag it to the correct position on the form. For example, taking a label from the Toolbox can be done in a way like Figure 6 below. The steps for retrieving a label from the toolbox to attach it to the form are as follows:
Note: don't forget to set the property name of each component used, because name is the identity of the object that will be used in writing the program. The next step is to provide text on the label, for example "Hello world", then select the Caption property, and fill it with Hello world. The program display results are as follows: And to run the program, click the Run icon () on the toolbar or select the [Run] >> [Start] menu, or by pressing the [F5] key. So that the program results are: In Figure 9 is an example of a program that we made, namely the calculation of free space loss to calculate the loss of signal strength in the air. The method is the same as just adding formulas. Program is available at Github. |
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